1. Digestive System

2. The digestive system is responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food so it can be taken into the bloodstream and used by body cells and tissues.

3. The Digestive System includes:
The Alimentary Canal:
Long muscular tube
Begins at the mouth and includes the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and the anus.
The Accessory Organs:
The salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

4. Where does digestion start?
Mouth, buccal, or oral cavity
A. Receives food as it enters the body
B. Actions in the mouth
1. Food is tasted
2. Broken down physically by the teeth
3. Lubricated and partially digested by saliva
4. Swallowed

5. Teeth Special structures in the mouth
2. Break down food physically by chewing and grinding the food, a process called mastication

6. Tongue
Muscular organ
2. Contains special receptors called taste buds that allow person to taste sweet, salt, sour, and bitter sensations
3. Also aids with chewing and swallowing of food

7. Within the mouth: Hard palate
1. Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
2. Separates the mouth from the nasal cavities

8. Soft palate 1. Located behind the hard palate
2. Separates the mouth from the nasopharynx

9. Uvula (a) Cone-shaped muscular structure
(b) Hangs from the middle of the soft palate
(c) Prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing

11. Salivary Glands 1. Three pairs of glands
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
 2. Produce a liquid called saliva
(a) Lubricates the mouth during speech and chewing
(b) Moistens food so it can be swallowed easily
(c) Also contains an enzyme called salivary amylase
aa. Substance speeding up a chemical reaction
bb. Begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates or starches into sugars that can be taken into the body

13. Pharynx or Throat
A. After the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it is called a bolus and it enters the pharynx or throat
B. Tube that carries both air and food
C. Carries the air to the trachea or windpipe
D. Carries food to the esophagus

14. In the esophagus:
When bolus is swallowed, muscle action causes the epiglottis to close over the larynx
2. Prevents bolus from entering respiratory tract
3. In this way, the bolus enters the esophagus

15. Normal Swallow Animation - Thick and Easy Dysphagia - YouTube

16. Esophagus Muscular tube dorsal to the trachea
Receives bolus from the pharynx and carries it to the stomach
Relies on a rhythmic, wavelike involuntary movement of its muscles, called peristalsis, to move the food in a forward direction

18. Stomach Enlarged part of the alimentary canal
Receives the food from the esophagus
Mucous membrane lining contains folds called rugae, which disappear as the stomach fills with food and expands

20. Cardiac Sphincter Circular muscle between the esophagus and stomach
Closes after food enters the stomach
Prevents food from going back up into the esophagus

22. Pyloric Sphincter
Circular muscle between the stomach and small intestine
Keeps food in the stomach until it is ready to enter the small intestine
Food usually remains in the stomach for about one to four hours

24. Gastric Juices Produced by glands in the stomach
Converts food into a semi fluid material called chyme

25. Gastric Juices Juices contain hydrochloric acid Kills bacteria
Facilitates the absorption of iron
Activates the enzyme pepsin

26. Gastric Juices Contain enzymes:
Lipase, which begins the chemical breakdown of fats
Pepsin, which starts protein digestion
In an infant, the enzyme rennin is secreted
1) Aids in the digestion of milk
2) Not present in an adult

27. Small Intestine
Coiled section of the alimentary canal about 20 feet long and 1 inch in diameter
Receives food, in form of chyme, from stomach

28. Small Intestines There are three sections: Duodenum—first 9-10 inches
Jejunum—next 8 feet
Ileum—final 12 feet

29. Small Intestines--Duodenum
The first 9-10 inches
Bile from the gallbladder and liver enter this section through ducts or tubes
Pancreatic juices from the pancreas also enter this section through ducts or tubes.

30. Small Intestines--Jejunum
Eight feet long
Forms the middle section of the small intestine

31. Small Intestines--Ileum
Final 12 feet of the small intestine
Connects with the large intestine at the cecum
Circular muscle called the ileocecal valve separates the ileum and cecum and prevents food from returning to the ileum.

32. Functions of the Small Intestines:
Completes the process of digestion
Absorbs the products of digestion into the bloodstream for use by body cells

33. Intestinal Juices of the Small Intestines
Produced by the small intestine
Contain the enzymes maltase, sucrase, and lactase, which break down sugars into simpler forms
Contain enzymes known as peptidases, which complete the digestion of proteins
Contain the enzyme steapsin, which aids in the digestion of fat

34. Bile Liquid that enters small intestine from liver and gallbladder
2. Emulsifies or physically breaks down fats

35. Pancreatic Juice 1.Liquid that enters small intestine from pancreas
2. Contains enzymes that complete the process of digestion
A) Pancreatic amylase or amylopsin, which acts on sugars
B) Trypsin and chymotrypsin, which act on proteins
C) Lipase or steapsin, which acts on fats

36. Small Intestine--Villi
Fingerlike projections that line wall of small intestine
Allow food to be absorbed or taken into bloodstream
Contain blood capillaries and lacteals

37. Small Intestine—Blood Capillaries
Blood capillaries absorb the digested nutrients and carry them to the liver where they are stored or released into general circulation for use by body cells

38. Small Intestines--Lacteals
Lacteals pick up most of the digested fats and carry them to the thoracic duct in the lymphatic system, which releases them into the circulatory system

39. Small Intestines
When food has completed its passage through the small intestine only wastes, indigestible materials, and excess water remain

40. Large Intestines Final section of the alimentary canal
About 5 feet long and about 2 inches in diameter

41. Large Intestines--Functions
Absorption of water and any remaining nutrients
Storage of indigestible materials before they are eliminated from the body
Synthesis (formation) and absorption of some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K by bacteria present in intestine
Transportation of the waste products out of the alimentary canal

42. Large Intestines--Sections
Cecum:
First section
Connects with the ileum of the small intestine
Contains a small projection called the vermiform appendix

44. Large Intestines--Sections
Ascending colon: continues up on the right side of the body from the cecum to the lower part of the liver

45. Large Intestine--Sections
Transverse colon: extends across the abdomen, below the liver and stomach, but above the small intestine

46. Large Intestines--Sections
Descending colon: extends down the left side of the body

47. Large Intestines--Sections
Sigmoid colon:
Connects with descending colon
S-shaped section that joins with the rectum

48. Large Intestines--Sections
Rectum:
Final 6 to 8inches
Storage area for the indigestibles or wastes
Has a narrow canal called the anal canal, which opens at a hole called the anus
Fecal material or stool, the final waste product of the digestive process

49. Accessory Organs Liver: Largest gland in the body
Accessory organ for the digestive tract
Located under the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen

50. Functions of the Liver:
1. Secretes bile
a. Used to emulsify or physically break up fats
b. Also makes fats water soluble, which is necessary for absorption
2. Stores sugar in the form of glycogen
a. Glycogen is converted to glucose
b. Released into the bloodstream when additional blood sugar is needed
3. Stores iron and certain vitamins
4. Produces heparin, a substance that prevents clotting of the blood
5. Produces blood proteins such as fibrinogen and prothrombin, which aid in the clotting of blood
6. Produces cholesterol
7. Detoxifies (renders less harmful) substances such as alcohol and pesticides, and destroys bacteria that have been taken into the blood from the intestine

51. Accessory Organs Gallbladder: 1. Small muscular sac
2. Located under the liver and attached to it by connective tissue 
3. Stores and concentrates bile, which it receives from the liver
4. When the bile is needed in the digestive tract to emulsify fats, it contracts and pushes the bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum

52. Accessory Organs Pancreas:
1. Fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach 
2. Produces pancreatic juices
a. Juices enter duodenum through pancreatic duct
b. Contain enzymes to digest food
(1) Pancreatic amylase or amylopsin to break down sugars
(2) Trypsin and chymotrypsin to break down proteins
(3) Lipase or steapsin to act on fats
3. Produces insulin
a. Secreted into the bloodstream
b. Regulates the metabolism or burning of carbohydrates to convert glucose (blood sugar) to energy