1. Classifying Organisms
Chapter 1
Classifying Organisms

2. How are living things classified?
To classify means to put things into groups.
Why do scientists put plants and animals into groups?
Classification makes it easier to communicate clearly by having just one name for an organism.
Classification helps to organize information about organisms.

3. Classification Systems
A classification system lists organisms in a series of groups.
Kingdom - highest group of organization in the classification system. There are 6 kingdoms:
1. Archaebacteria - single celled, no oxygen or sunlight
2. Eubacteria - single celled, need oxygen
3. Protists - single or multi-celled, algea
Fungi – single or multi-celled, mushrooms & molds
Plants – many cells, make their own food
Animals – many celled, cannot make their own food

4. King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
Seven Levels of the Classification System:
Kingdom – highest, most general group
Phylum- level of classification below kingdom
Class – next level below phylum, smaller group
Order – next level below class, smaller group
Family – next level below order, smaller group
Genus – next level below family, smaller group
Species – lowest level of organization - specific

5. The Animal Kingdom
Vertebrates and invertebrates are phylums within the animal kingdom.
Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates.
Animals without backbones are called invertebrates.
Within each one of these phylum are classes of animals.

6. 5 Classes of Vertebrates
1. Mammals
2. Reptiles
3. Birds
4. Amphibians
Fish
Each class of vertebrate has specific characteristics that make them unique.

7. Characteristics of Mammals
Breathe air with lungs
Make milk for young
Body coverings - Hair or fur
Warm blooded-keep body temperature constant nearly all the time
Young mammals resemble parents
The pattern of birth, growth, reproduction, and death is called the life cycle.

8. Life Cycle of Mammals Birth Growth Reproduction Death
Offspring repeat the cycle and the species continues!

9. Characteristics of Reptiles
Lungs (similar to mammals)
Do not feed their young (no milk)
Scales that cover their body (no hair or fur like mammals)
Cold blooded – body temperature does not remain constant bur changes as the temperature of the air or water changes.
Some reptiles live on both land and water.
The life cycle of a reptile is similar to a mammal.

10. Life Cycle of Reptiles Young reptiles hatch from eggs
Young reptiles are not cared for by parents
Young reptiles feed themselves from birth
Growth
Reproduction
Death
Offspring repeats the cycle and the species continues!

11. Characteristics of Birds
Lungs and other organs (similar to mammals)
Body coverings – feathers
Feed and care for their young
Warm blooded – body temperature remains constant.
A bird’s life cycle is similar to a reptiles.

12. Life Cycle of Birds Young birds hatch from eggs.
Young birds are cared for by parents
Young birds are fed by their parents
Growth
Reproduction
Death
Offspring repeat the cycle and the species continues!

13. Mammals, Reptiles, Birds
Vertebrate
Birth
Body Covering
Body Temperature
Feed Young
Mammals
Live Birth
Hair or Fur
Warm-Blooded
Yes - Milk
Reptiles
Hatch from Eggs
Scales
Cold-blooded No
Birds
Feathers
Yes – not milk

14. Characteristics of Amphibians
Cold-blooded
Soft, moist skin to absorb oxygen and water
Do not feed or care for their young
Hatch from eggs
Metamorphosis – changes during the life cycle
The life cycle of an amphibian is very different than that of any other vertebrate due to the process of metamorphosis.

15. Life Cycle of Amphibians
Hatch from eggs in water
Grow legs and tail shortens
Breathe through gills until lungs are developed
Begin to live on land
As adults, frogs look nothing like they did when they were young tadpoles. This kind of change is known as metamorphosis and no other class of animal has this life cycle!

16. Characteristics of Fish
Cold-blooded
Scales and slimy-coating that helps water flow past them
Live in water ONLY!
Use gills to get oxygen from water
The life cycle of a fish is most like the life cycle of a reptile

17. Life Cycle of Fish Hatch from eggs in water
Not cared for or fed by parents after birth
Grow
Reproduce
Death
Offspring repeat the cycle and the species continues!

18. Classes of Invertebrates
Mollusks – clams, snails, slugs, and squids
Annelids / Worms – flatworms, earthworms, roundworms
Cnidarians – jellyfish and coral
Arthropods – insects, lobsters, spiders
Most animals on earth do not have backbones. Some invertebrates are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

19. Mollusks Soft body without bones.
Some have a hard outer shell that prevents them from being eaten.
Some get oxygen from gills others absorb oxygen through skin.

20. Annelids / Worms
Flatworms are very flat and thin. They live in damp or wet places.
Roundworms can live on water or on land.
Earthworms have segmented bodies
Some worms are microscopic and others are huge!

21. Arthropods Largest phylum of animal Arthropod mean “jointed feet”
All arthropods are invertebrates (not all invertebrates are arthropods)
Arthropods have bodies that are divided into separate parts.
Arthropods get oxygen in many different ways – some have lungs (spiders), tubes (grasshoppers), and gills (lobsters).

22. Characteristics of Plant Kingdom
Make their own food – photosynthesis
Distinctive features such as stems, roots, and leaves
Some are vascular – transport system made of tubes to carry food and water to all of its parts
Organisms in the plant kingdom are multi-cellular. (just like animals)

23. Classification of the Plant Kingdom
Plants are classified according to their transport systems (vascular), whether they produce seeds, or have flowers.
Phylum of plants include:
Mosses – no flowers or seeds
Ferns – vascular, no seeds, no flowers
Conifers – vascular, produce seeds, no flowers
Flowering plants – vascular, produce seeds, and flowers

24. Fungi Kingdom Not plants because they cannot make their own food.
Not animals because they do not move to catch their food
Have hair-like structures that absorb and digest food from the material that they grow on.

25. Protist Kingdom Single celled
Some live inside the digestive system of other animals
Not plants because they cannot make their own food.
Not animals because they are single celled

26. Archaebacteria Kingdom
Eubacteria Kingdom
Single celled
Spheres, rods, or spiral shaped
No nucleus
Archaebacteria Kingdom
Single celled organism
Survive harsh environments