1. Scaffold User Training
Supported Scaffolds
Scaffold User Training

2. Scaffold Hazards The danger of falling is most common.
Ladders and Scaffolds
Scaffold Hazards
The danger of falling is most common.
9% of construction deaths are
scaffold-related
Scaffold falls injure 29,000
workers every year.
47% of all scaffold catastrophes
and deaths are caused by
defective scaffolds.
Any missing or defective part makes a scaffold less safe.

3. Ladders and Scaffolds 15
X & L
Subpart L - Scaffolds
: Scope, application and definitions
: General requirements
Covers the basic variables
: Specific requirements
For each type of scaffold
: Aerial lifts
: Training
Anyone who works from a scaffold or who erects scaffolds must have training. 7

4. How Do We Know a Scaffold Is Safe?
Supported scaffolds must have these
features:

6. (w) "Mobile scaffolds"

7. 1926.452(b) “Tube & coupler scaffolds”

8. 1926.450 definitions applicable to subpart
Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are hazardous or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.(CPL )

9. .451 General Requirements For All Scaffolds
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.451 General Requirements For All Scaffolds
(a) Capacity
Support its own weight and 4 X the Maximum Intended Load (MIL).
Designed by a Qualified Person and built and loaded to design.
Some Criteria listed in Appendix 'A' 8

10. (b) Platform Construction
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(b) Platform Construction
Platforms fully planked or decked
Maximum 1” gaps
Maximum openings of 9½” if necessary
Platforms and walkways minimum 18” wide
Guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) for < 18” wide
Planks laid at angles other than 90º laid first under planks laid over supports at 90 º 9

11. 9 1/2 ”
1” MAX

13. What Makes a Safe Platform?
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What Makes a Safe Platform?
Fully planked with scaffold-grade wood or metal.

14. Scaffold Platform Construction
Front of scaffold no more than 14 inches from face of work
For outrigger scaffolds 3 inches
Unless secured platforms extend minimum of six inches over support
6"

15. NOT CLEATED OR TIED (b)(7)
12”

17. (b)(3)
14”
MAX
18”
OR MUST HAVE GUARDRAIL
OR FALL PROTECTION

18. Platform Construction
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Platform Construction
X & L
Don’t paint wood, except ID on edges
Fully planked between front upright & guardrails
Don’t mix scaffold components used unless compatible & strength is maintained [Competent Person decision]
Don’t modify mixed scaffold components
to make them fit [C.P. decision]
No components of dissimilar metals without Competent Person approval
Inspect, Inspect, Inspect 12

19. Tie-Ins to the Building
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Tie-Ins to the Building
This 6-tier scaffold is
is anchored to the building
with rope through windows.
A solid strut anchor is better, especially if not dependent upon friction attachments at both ends.

20. 1926.451 (c) Supported Scaffolds
Guys, ties or braces required at the 4:1height ratio
Repeated every 20 feet for scaffolds three feet wide or less
Every 26 feet wider than three feet
Installed at each end of the scaffold
Horizontal spacing not to exceed 30 feet

22. (c) (1) (ii)
30 feet
30 feet

23. Plumb, Level, Square You can visually check scaffold alignment.
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Plumb, Level, Square
You can visually check scaffold alignment.
Plumb:
Vertical members stand perpendicular to horizon.
Square:
Horizontal and vertical members form right angles where they connect.
Level:
Horizontal members are parallel to horizon.

24. Foundation and Load Distribution?
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Foundation and Load Distribution?

25. Supported Scaffolds
Bracing required to prevent tipping for all eccentric applied loads
Scaffolds must bear on base plates and mud sills or other firm foundation
Footings rigid with no settling or displacement

26. 1926.451 General Requirements (c) Criteria for supported scaffolds (2) Base plates mud sills

27. 1926.451 (c) Supported Scaffolds
Unstable objects shall not be used to support scaffolds or platform units.
Unstable objects shall not be used as working platforms.

29. 1926.451 (c) Supported Scaffolds
Poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights plumb and braced

30. What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?
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What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?
Distribute loads evenly. Point load over uprights.
Point Loading -
When necessary, it should be done over uprights.
Evenly distributed –
A good practice!
An unsafe practice!

31. (e) Access
Scaffold more than two feet above or below a point of access ladders, stairs, ramps or other similar access provided
No cross braces for access!
Hook on ladders positioned so as not to tip the scaffold
Bottom rung within 24 inches of supporting level
Over 35 feet, rest levels every 35 feet

32. 1926.451 (e) Access Hook-on ladders compatible with scaffold used
Minimum rung width of 11 1/2 inches
Rungs uniformly spaced
16 3/4 inches maximum rung spacing
Slip resistant treads on stairs and landings

34. 1926.451 (e) Access Prefabricated scaffold access:
specifically designed and constructed for use as ladder rungs;
Have a rung length of at least 8 inches
Uniformly spaced
Max. spacing 16 3/4 inches
** fixed ladders must have fall protection if length
of climb is 24’ or greater.**
** landing ‘rest’ platforms required on fixed ladders at
maximum intervals of 50’**

35. Use No loading in excess of intended or rated load
Lean-to scaffolds prohibited
CP to inspect for defects each shift
Damaged scaffold repaired, replaced or braced

36. USE No makeshift devices to increase height
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USE
No makeshift devices to increase height
The 'Drywall Bucket Rule'
No ladder to increase height except on 'large area' and:
Side thrust countered, platform secured
Ladder legs on same platform & secured
Platforms not to deflect > 1/60 of span

37. Use
No moving of scaffolds with employees on them unless designed by PE for such
Must decend mobile scaffolds prior to moving, and lock casters when in position.
Safe distance from electric lines:
Insulated lines:
Less than 300 volts = 3 feet
300 volts to 50 kilovolts = 10 feet
Over 50 kilovolts = 10 feet plus .4 inches for each additional kV; or twice the length of the line insulator but never less than 10 feet

38. Use
Scaffolds erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the supervision and direction of a competent person qualified in scaffolds
Access scaffolds with snow/ice only to remove
Swinging loads near scaffolds must use tag lines

39. Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate on platforms.

40. .454 Training Requirements
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.454 Training Requirements
Your employer must train you.

41. Fall Protection Required at 10 foot height
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Fall Protection
Required at 10 foot height
PFAS instead of guardrails on some
Fall protection required when scaffold is greater than 14” away from work surface
PFAS for erectors/dismantlers where feasible
Toprails height = 38” to 45”
Crossbracing ‘X’ as top or midrail depending on height 19

42. (g)(4)(xv)
Top
38”- 40”
48” Max
Mid
20”- 30”

43. Cross bracing in Guardrail Systems

44. Guardrails Guardrails prevent work falls.
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Guardrails
Guardrails prevent work falls.
Only 33% of the scaffolds involved in accidents had guardrails.
Ideal height is 38 inches above work platform.
OSHA requires fall protection on platforms 10 feet or higher.
Top rail must withstand a force of 200 pounds (or 100 pounds on suspension scaffolds).

45. (g) Fall Protection
Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms.
Guardrail systems installed before scaffold is released for use by employees other than erection/dismantling crews.

46. (h) Falling Object Protection
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(h) Falling Object Protection
Hardhats required
Protect employees below
Barricades to exclude working below
Toe boards at edges of platforms
Allows panels and screens
Canopies allowed 20

47. Toeboard Options Using extra planks on edge: Job-made w/1"x 6" lumber:
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Ladders and Scaffolds 54
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Toeboard Options
Using extra planks on edge:
Wire in place
Maintain max. gap of ¼"
Wire or nail ends in place
Job-made w/1"x 6" lumber:
Wire/nail/cleat in place
Lighter, easier to handle

48. Electrical Hazards Ladders and Scaffolds
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Ladders and Scaffolds 54
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Electrical Hazards
Scaffolds shall remain a minimum of 10 feet away from energized power lines.
All power tools and equipment shall be plugged into a GFCI
Temporary lighting shall not be connected to the scaffold system by metal components

50. Mobile Scaffolds3 Plumb; Level square; Braces secured
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Mobile Scaffolds3
Plumb; Level square; Braces secured
Cross, horizontal & diagonal braces to prevent racking or collapse
Mobile scaffolds must comply with other frame requirements
Castors - positive lock on wheel and/or swivel

51. SUBPARTS
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Mobile Scaffolds2
Horizontal and diagonal bracing required to prevent “racking”.
Most manufacturers provide with fixed length.

61. Fatal fact
Bricklaying crew working on the upper floor of a three-story building built a six-foot platform spanning a gap between two scaffolds. The platform was correctly constructed of two 2”X12” planks with standard guardrails; however, one of the planks was not scaffold grade lumber and also had extensive dry rot in the center. when a bricklayer stepped on the plank it disintegrated and he fell 30 feet to his death.

62. Fatal fact
Two employees were installing aluminum siding on a farm house when it became necessary to remove a 36-foot high metal pole CB antenna. One employee stood on a metal pick board between two ladders and unfastened the antenna at the top of the house. The other employee who was standing on the ground, took the antenna to lay it down in the yard. The antenna made electrical contact with a 7200-volt power transmission line 30 feet 10 inches from the house and 23 feet 9 inches above the ground. The employee handling the antenna received a fatal shock and the other employee a minor shock.

63. Protect Yourself With Good Practice
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Protect Yourself With Good Practice
Don’t allow tools, materials, or debris to collect on scaffold.
Never, never throw or drop tools, materials, or equipment.
Make sure connections are in place and completely tight.
Do not stand on ties.
Do not stand on guardrails or plank extensions.
Do not overreach outside of the guardrails.