1. The Union in Crisis U.S. History: SantaOlalla
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U.S. History: SantaOlalla

2. Table of Contents Slavery, States’ Rights, and Expansion
A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence
Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis
Lincoln, Secession, and War
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3. Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion

4. Positions on Slavery David Wilmot Wilmot Proviso North South
“neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any” lands won from Mexico
North
Severely limited rights of free African Americans
1. Abolitionists minority
2. Some sympathetic to Southern plantation owners
South
Many believed God intended that black people should provide labor for the white “civilized” society
“I hold it [slavery] to be a good… and [it] will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the… spirit of abolition” John C. Calhoun
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5. Question How did northerners and southerners view slavery?
Because northerners did not rely on slavery, many did not have strong opinions about it. Some believed that it was morally wrong. Many southerners viewed slavery as an integral part of their economy and so did not want it to end.

6. The Election of 1828: Slavery
Free-Soil Party
Whigs and Democrats
Support Wilmot Proviso
Pledged to a “national platform of freedom”
Martin van Buren
“free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men”
Won 10% of votes
Popular sovereignty
Democrat Governor Lewis Cass
Opposed Wilmot Proviso
Whig Zachary Taylor
General, hero
Owned slaves
Wins election
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7. What role did the Free-Soil Party play in the election of 1848?
Question
What role did the Free-Soil Party play in the election of 1848?
Although, Van Buren, the Free-Soil Party candidate, did not win any states, he won enough votes away from Cass to cause Taylor to win

8. Candidates
Lewis Cass

9. California 1848, gold discovered in CA
Henry Clay offers a compromise
CA wanted to be admitted as a free state
1849, drafted a Constitution
1 year time 80,000 + people go to CA (chaotic)
1848, gold discovered in CA

10. Henry Clay’s Compromise
CA admitted as free state
NM and UT use popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue
Slave trade- not slavery- ended in WA D.C.
Congress passed strict new fugitive slave act
TX give up claims to NM for $10 million

11. Question How did California statehood spark a new crisis over slavery?
If California were admitted as a free state, the country would have more free states than slave states. The South feared that this shift in power would lead to a universal ban of slavery.

12. Response to Clay’s Proposal
John C. Calhoun: “that the agitation on the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely effective measure, end is disunion.”
South  less protection
If North disagreed: South would secede
Daniel Webster: accept Clay’s compromise
Popular sovereignty South comforted but slavery not spread to West

13. Compromise of 1850 Based on Clay’s proposal Calhoun and Taylor die
President Millard Fillmore supported compromise
CA admitted as free state
Popular sovereignty applied
TX relinquished claims of NM for $10 million
Slave trade prohibited
Fugitive Slave Act added amendments

14. A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence

15. Resistance Against the Fugitive Slave Act
Northerners enraged (not just abolitionists)
Personal Liberty Laws
Issue with Act
1. Freedmen passed off as slaves
2. Judges get higher pay when vote in favor of slave owners

17. Harriet Tubman

18. Underground Railroad Not underground
A secret network of “conductors” hid runaway slaves in farm wagons and riverboats and moved to the North or Canada
Series of complex signals and hiding places
Harriet Tubman, “Black Moses”

19. Questions
Why might the Underground Railroad have been more active in free states than slave states?
The Underground Railroad was more active in free states where most abolitionists lived and worked. Southern states depended on slave labor and opposed the Underground Railroad as it took their workers away
In what ways did the Fugitive Slave Act affect free African Americans?
Free African Americans were often captured and enslaved because northerners were encouraged and rewarded monetarily to turn in slaves.

20. Stowe and Delaney Condemn Slavery
Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852, published Uncle Tom’s Cabin condemned slavery
spread compassion for enslaved people in North, infuriated South
Martin Delaney wrote Blake
Slave uprising
Stowe and Delaney Condemn Slavery

21. Question How did northerners respond to the Fugitive Slave Act?
Northerners responded by passing personal liberty laws and helping escaped slave remain free

22. Douglas pushes for Popular Sovereignty
Senator Douglas wants new states to decide by popular sovereignty
2 territories bring issue up again: Kansas-Nebraska
Kansas-Nebraska Act voids Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery to spread to areas that had been free for 30 years

23. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Created potential for slavery in Kansas and Nebraska by allowing popular sovereignty
It was sponsored by Stephen Douglas: it overturned MO Compromise meant to unite nation, but instead further divided it and led to the creation of the Republican Party

24. Missouri Compromise, 1820

25. Compromise of 1850

26. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

27. “Bleeding Kansas” Farmers looking for land
Settlers from North and South with political motives
Each group wanted to outnumber the others in order to control government
Deadly consequences

28. “Bleeding Kansas” 2 governments
1855, Border Ruffians (proslavery)
Northern abolitionists (New England Emigrant Aid Society)
1856, Topeka government petition for statehood
2 governments petitioning for statehood
May 21, 1856 Border Ruffians raid antislavery town (Lawrence, KS)
John Brown retaliates (midnight execution of 5 proslavery settlers)

29. “Bleeding Kansas” Abolitionists condemn John Brown massacres
“Bleeding Kansas”, throughout 1856 violent outbreaks occurred around Lawrence
Kansas eventually admitted as free state, 1861
Violence in Senate
“The Crime Against Kansas” (Charles Sumner)
Sumner insults Andrew Butler
Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks attacked Sumner with cane

30. Brooks beats Sumner with Cane

31. Question Why did violence break out in Kansas?
People established both antislavery and proslavery governments in Kansas. Each group was determined that Kansas would enter the Union with its views entrenched in the new government.

32. Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis

33. The Shifting Political Scene
Previously all presidents had represented all areas of the growing nation
Policies began to turn supporters away Whig Party
Fillmore last Whig President
Clay and Webster dead
Relied on Winfield Scott
Lost to Democrats
Too much tension in party to successfully launch campaign

34. American Political Parties During 1850s
Democratic Party
1800-Present
Opposed strong central government
Divided over slavery issue in 1850s
Whig Party
Favored national economic development
Opposed Andrew Jackson
Antislavery members left in 1850s
Know-Nothings (The American Party)
Opposed to immigration
Joined by Antislavery Whigs
Took a proslavery platform in 1856
Free-Soil Party
Worked to prevent slavery in the western territories
Formed by antislavery Democrats and Whigs
Absorbed into the new Republican Party
Republican Party
1854-Present
Opposed to slavery
Opposed to Kansas-Nebraska Act

35. Question
How did the rise and fall of political parties reflect divisions in the United States?
Political parties emerged in support of or opposition to issues that divided Americans

36. Sectional Division Intensified
Election of 1856
Republican John C. Frémont war hero
“Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, Frémont”
Democrat James Buchanan
Stop the “agitation of the slavery issue”
Know-Nothings former President Millard Fillmore

37. Dred Scott Decision Supreme Court, 1857 MO slave Dred Scott
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
Court ruled against Scott
Property cannot sue
South celebrated
North alarmed
Frederick Douglass thinks this will speed up the process of abolition

38. What were the reactions to the Dred Scott decision?
Question
What were the reactions to the Dred Scott decision?
Many southerners celebrated the decision while many northerners were outraged by it.

39. Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858
“Honest Abe”
Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act
Attacked popular sovereignty as wrong
Won a large support group due to debates
“Little Giant”
Sincerity questioned
Supported annexation of TX
Promoted popular sovereignty
Won election

40. Question How did Lincoln and Douglas differ on the issue of slavery?
Lincoln wanted to end slavery. Douglas believed that each state should decide whether to be a free or slave state.

41. Violence = best way to avenge the evil of slavery
Angel of God
Violence = best way to avenge the evil of slavery
Solicited recruits and funds for armed assault
Harper’s Ferry, VA
Hubs of trains and canals for escape routes

42. Execution of John Brown
“Robert E. Lee came and took a stand.
"This lawlessness won't be tolerated 
let's punish those who collaborated"
After my trial I was put to death
but opinions were when I took my last breath
a hero to some, others said what for?
My actions pushed the nation to war.” MC LaLa

43. Reactions to Execution of John Brown
Northerners thought abolitionist activism had gone too far
Others saw Brown as courageous martyr
Lincoln and other Republicans condemned Brown
Douglas accused Republicans of instigating attack by Brown
Many others prepared for war

44. Lincoln, Secession, and War

45. Issues at Hand in Election of 1860
Debate over Kansas decision on slavery
Dred Scott Decision of Supreme Court
Fugitive Slave Act
States’ rights

46. Resolution MS Senator, Jefferson Davis resolution
Congress adopt resolutions restricting federal control over slavery in territories
States also cannot interfere in pre-existing slave states
Issue of survival of Union
Divided nation
North would not vote for a President from the South (vice versa)

47. Slavery not allowed in the territories John Bell Const’l Unionist
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Illinois
Platform:
Slavery not allowed in the territories
Stephen Douglas
Northern Democrat
Platform: popular sovereignty should decide the issue of slavery in the territories when they become states
John Bell
Const’l Unionist
Tennessee
The federal government should support slavery and also defend the Union
John Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
Kentucky
The federal government must protect slavery

48. Breckinridge
Bell
Douglas

49. Lincoln Wins Election

50. Lincoln Wins
40% of popular vote
60% electoral votes
Didn’t receive a single vote from South

51. Question
How did Lincoln’s election reflect the break between the North and the South?
Lincoln’s election reflected the break between the North and the South because he won without receiving a single southern electoral vote.

52. Union Collapses
“The union now subsisting between South Carolina and the other states, under the name of the ‘United States of America,’ is hereby dissolved”
Reason for leaving: the election of a President “whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery”
6 other southern states follow secession
Slave-dependent, cotton-growing states stepped together

53. Secession

54. Confederacy Formed
7 seceding states formed Confederate States of America
Framed a Constitution
Stressed independence of each state
Implied states had right to secede
Guaranteed protection of slavery
Prohibited importing new slaves (appease Britain and France)
Not all southerners agreed with secession

55. Final Compromise
John Crittenden proposed constitutional amendment (Crittenden Compromise)
Allowed slavery in western territories south of MO Compromise line
Called for federal funds to reimburse slaveholders for unreturned fugitives

56. Long-Term Causes of the Civil War
Sectional economic and cultural differences
Debate over expansion of slavery into territories
Political compromise failed to ease sectional differences
MO Compromise 1820
Compromise 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

57. Long Term Causes of the Civil War
Laws and court decisions increased sectional tension
Fugitive Slave Act 1850
Dred Scott Decision
Tariff policy
Growth of antislavery movement
Uncle Tom’s Cabin

58. Short-Term Causes of the Civil War
Kansas-Nebraska Act splits political parties
Breakdown of party system
3. Lincoln elected President
4. S.C. seceded from Union

59. Civil War Begins March 4, 1861, Lincoln sworn in
When southern states seceded seized federal forts and arsenals within their borders (Fort Sumter)
Guarded harbor at Charleston, SC
Lincoln sent supplies to fort, food only (no arms)
Troops ran out of ammunition South fired upon fort Fort Sumter fell

60. What events led to the outbreak of the war?
Question
What events led to the outbreak of the war?
When President Lincoln sent supplies to Fort Sumter, the Confederates attacked and took control of the fort. As a result, President Lincoln ordered volunteers to fight the Confederacy.