1. The Growth of the Thirteen Colonies

2. Life in the Colonies Essential Question:
How did geography affect the economic development of the three colonial regions?

3. Population Growth
1700 – population of 250,000 colonists; 1770s – 2.5 million colonists
1700 – 28,000 Africans; 1770s – 500,000 Africans

4. Population Growth Immigration
Women marry early and have large families
America is a healthy place to live

5. Farming Main economic activity for all colonies
Farms in North are smaller than those in the South
Why? _______________________________________________
New England farmers use subsistence farming

6. Commerce in New England
Small businesses
Skilled craftsman trade their goods
Shipbuilding (Lumber!!!)
Fishing

7. Colonial Trade Northern coastal cities
Link Northern and Southern colonies
Link America to other parts of the world

8. Triangular Trade

9. Middle Passage
Enslaved Africans march to West African coast, traded to Europeans, branded and forced onto a ship
Shipped to the West Indies (Middle Passage)
Travel to slave markets in American ports

10. The Middle Passage

11. The Middle Colonies
Mild climate – produce much bigger harvests than in New England
Grew cash crops
Farmers sent cargoes of wheat and livestock to NYC and Philadelphia for shipment
Busy ports
Largest cities in the American colonies

12. The Southern Colonies and Farming
Rich soil, warm climate
Large farms producing cash crops
Little industry develops

13. Tobacco and Rice
Tobacco
Main crop in Maryland and Virginia

14. Tobacco and Rice Rice Main crop in South Carolina and Georgia
Very strenuous work = reliance on slave labor
Very profitable crop – By 1750s South Carolina and Georgia have fastest growing economies in the colonies

15. Plantations Self contained communities
Might include slave cabins, barns, stables, blacksmith shop, carpenter shop, store rooms, kitchens, chapel, school
Independent small farmers outnumber large plantations but plantation owners are wealthier and more influential

17. Slavery
Some enslaved Africans might do housework. Most work in the fields under the watch of overseers
1705 – Virginia creates a slave code
Helps define relationship between enslaved people and free people
Illegal to teach Africans to read or write
Can’t leave plantation without written permission
Can’t assemble in large groups
Whipped for minor offenses
Hanged or burned to death for major offenses

18. Criticisms of Slavery
More important to economic success of Southern colonies
Less support for slavery in Northern colonies
Puritans
Quakers
Mennonites

19. Making Connections Answer the Essential Question
How did geography affect the economic development of the three colonial regions?
New England
Middle
Southern

20. Government, Religion and Culture
Although the American colonies developed some self- government, the British still set many laws, especially those concerning trade
American Spirit: Americans were beginning to view themselves differently from the way Britain viewed them
England viewed its North American colonies as an economic resource (MERCANTILISM)

21. Government, Religion and Culture
Navigation Acts
Colonial merchants could not use foreign ships to export goods
Colonists could not trade certain products outside England’s empire
Controls on trade would later cause more conflict between the American colonies and England

22. Colonial Government Trial by Jury Government is not all powerful!
Limited government
Representative government

23. Type of Colony Type of Colony Characteristics Colonies Charter
Settlers given a charter to establish the colony
Elected governors and members of the legislature
Colonies
Connecticut, Rhode Island

24. Types of Colonies Type of Colony Characteristics Colonies Proprietary
Proprietor owned land and made laws
Proprietor appointed governors and members of upper house of legislature
Colonists elect lower house of legislature
Colonies
Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania

25. Types of Colonies Type of Colony Characteristics Colonies Royal
Britain rules directly
Conflicts occur when officials try to enforce tax laws and trade restrictions
Colonies
Georgia, Virginia, NJ, NY, SC, NC, Mass

26. Voting Rights White men who owned property
Proportion of people in colonies participating in government is higher than anywhere in Europe
Valuable training for when colonies become independent

27. Family Roles Family is basic foundation of colonial society
Men are formal heads of household
Women run households, care for children, had few rights
Widows or unmarried women could run businesses and own property but could not vote

28. Education High value on education
Many colonies eventually developed schools
Harvard College: Established by Puritans in 1636

29. Answer the Essential Question
In what ways was an American culture developing during the colonial period?
Limited government, representative government, family is the basis of society

30. France and Britain Clash
Essential Question:
Why did conflict arise in North America between France and Great Britain?

31. British and French Rivalry
Rivalry between Great Britain and France led to a war for control of North America
Both wanted control land west of the Appalachian Mountains (Ohio River Valley)
Fighting breaks out in 1740s

32. Native Americans Take Sides
French are interested in fur trade while English are interested in colonization
French had many Native American allies; intermarriage is common and customs are followed
French missionaries convert many Native Americans to Catholicism
Native Americans often help French and raid British settlements

33. The Iroquois Confederacy
Most powerful group of Native Americans in the East (New York)
Five Nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, (Tuscarora, 1722)
Iroquois skillfully play French and British against one another and dominate the Great Lakes area
Mid 1770s – become British allies

35. Washington’s First Command
1754 – 22 year old George Washington becomes a lieutenant colonel
Washington and 150 militia men sent to build a fort in the Ohio River Valley
French already built Fort Duquesne
Washington attacked and was defeated
Washington is released and becomes colonial hero for striking the first blow against the French

36. The Albany Plan of Union
Developed by Benjamin Franklin
Representatives adopted a plan of unified colonial government to stand against the French
No colonies approved the plan. They didn’t want to give up their power.
French and Indian War erupts

37. Making Connections
Why do you think Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union?
How did the Iroquois remain independent from both the British and the French? How did that change?
Answer the Essential Question
Why did conflict arise in North America between France and Great Britain?

38. The French and Indian War
Essential Question:
How did the outcome of the French and Indian war determine who controlled North America?

39. The French and Indian War
Battle of Quebec (1759)
Part of a larger struggle between Britain and France for
Control of world trade
Power over the seas

40. The British Take Action
French are building forts throughout Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley
French network of alliances with native Americans allows them to control large areas of land
1754 – Britain steps in to help colonists fight the French

41. Britain Declares War on France
Fighting in America helps start Seven Years’ War in Europe
War is declared in 1756
Early on the French are
Capturing British forts
Native American allies are raiding frontier farms from NY to PA
Killed settlers, burned farmhouses and crops
Drive many families back toward to coast

42. Pitt Takes Charge William Pitt: Great British military planner
Sent forces to recapture fortresses previously taken by French
Very successful
Captured Fort Duquesne in Pennsylvania and renamed it Fort Pitt

43. The Fall of New France The fall of Quebec and Montreal ended the war
British troops captured Quebec in 1759

44. The Treaty of Paris
1763 – Forces France to give Canada and most lands west of the Mississippi River to Great Britain
Also receives Spanish Florida and the port at New Orleans
Marks the end of France as a power in North America

45. Trouble on the Frontier
French loss is a great blow to Native Americans
British start pushing further west
Pontiac’s War
Ottawa Chief Pontiac united Native Americans against British
1763 – Killed settlers along PA and VA frontiers
1765 – British forces defeat Pontiac and his allies

46. Proclamation of 1763
To prevent more fighting, British set the Appalachian Mountains as the temporary western border
Colonists who had already brought land west of the mountains were furious
More conflicts would soon arise between Britain and the colonists.

47. Answer the Essential Question
How did the outcome of the French and Indian war determine who controlled North America?