1. Verbals
Verbals are words that look like verbs, but act like something else (nouns, adjectives, or adverbs)

2. Three Types of Verbals
Gerunds
Participles
Infinitives

3. Verbal #1: Gerunds
Gerunds are words that look like verbs but act like NOUNS and end in ING.
How do they function?
Subject: Reading is fun!
Predicate Noun (Nominative): My favorite hobby is reading. 
Direct Object: I love reading!
Indirect Object: I gave reading a try.
Object of the Preposition: I am talking about reading.

4. NOTE:
An –ing word must be preceded by a helping verb in order to be a verb
EXAMPLE:
The freshmen taking the test.
The freshmen have been taking the test.

5. NOTE:
A noun that follows a gerund and answers the question who or what is the OBJECT OF THE GERUND!
He made a complaint by writing a letter to the president.
Writing a what?
A letter!! (OG)

6. Try it out! Hiking is an excellent way to stay in good shape.
I love stomping in puddles.
My goal is graduating from high school and attending college.
I gave swimming my best effort.
I was thinking about traveling over the summer.

7. Write your own  Subject: Predicate Noun (Nominative): Direct Object:
Indirect Object:
Object of the Preposition:

8. Using Gerunds in Your Writing
Use gerunds to emphasize what has occurred rather than who is acting
EXAMPLE:
I like softball. It is a lot of fun. I have fun with my friends on the team.
Playing softball is fun. My teammates have become some of my good friends.

9. Gerund phrases
Gerunds can be attached to prepositional phrases or other words to form phrases.
Reading a book is food for the brain.
Climbing a tree can be fun but dangerous.
Running through the mall might get you kicked out.
Singing in the shower is sometimes a very bad habit.

10. Write your own Gerund phrase as a subject
Gerund phrase as a predicate nominative
Gerund phrase as a direct object

11. NOTE:
Use gerunds to correct dangling participles at the end of sentences
He misses the bus, causing him to be late to class.
Missing the bus caused him to be late to class.

12. Using Gerunds in Your Writing
Combining Sentences by using a gerund.
EXAMPLES:
I used to hate English. Then I took Mrs. Avanessian. She gives clear explanations of grammar. Now I think English is interesting.
Hating English was part of my life until my first class with Mrs. Avanessian. Her clear explanations make English interesting.

13. On to the Practice…
Work in class
Finish for HOMEWORK! 

14. Participles and participial phrases
Participles are verbals
Participles look like verbs, but act like ADJECTIVES

15. Present and Past Participles
End in ING
Frightening
Entertaining
Usually end in ED
Frightened
Entertained
Sometimes end in T or EN
Burst
Written

16. Examples Present participle
Limping, the hiker favored his aching ankle.
Limping describes hiker
Aching describes ankle
Past participle
Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work.
Confused describes Nan
Interrupted describes work

17. Try it out!
Think of three words that look like verbs, but act like adjectives.
Whip around

18. More examples Jessica’s shining eyes betrayed her excitement.
The shattered window needs replacement.
The beating heart fascinated Billy.
The lost boys screamed in the night.
The policeman found the stolen car.

19. The present participles being and having may be followed by a past participle.
Being informed, I knew what to expect.
Having decided, Adele acted quickly.

20. Verb or participle? The dog is snarling at the plumber.
The singers delighted their audience.
The snarling dog attacked the plumber.
Delighted, the audience applauded.

21. Verb, participle or gerund?
Do we have any wrapping paper left?
The detective was wrapping up the case.
Wrapping the gifts took longer than expected.

22. Let’s try that again
Emily must have been dreaming about her boyfriend.
The dreaming girl stared absently out the window.
I often remember dreaming.

23. Try it out!
Think of a verb which can be used as a verb, a participle, and a gerund.
Write three sentences:
Verb
Participle
Gerund

24. Participial phrases Jumping high, Brad hit his head on the ceiling.
The chemist, blinded by smoky fumes, stumbled.
Scanning the book, Angelica spotted the answer.

25. N.B.
If you use a participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence, it absolutely must modify the subject of the sentence.
Looking down the street, I saw the rabid dog.
Looking down the street, the rabid dog came toward us.

26. Try it out
Write three sentences with introductory participial phrases.

27. Infinitives another verbal!
To + a Verb

28. Preposition or Infinitive?
At the outdoor market, my grandmother likes to bargain.
Would you try to explain?
Give an explanation to Glen.
To believe took considerable faith.
Lindsey wrote letters to friends.

29. Infinitive or preposition?
After working so hard, he wanted to rest.
Our trip to China was filled with surprises.
Baxter’s gift to me was too extravagant.
When do you plan to graduate?
On Vicky’s way to town, she had a flat tire.

30. Infinitives Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
They are the only thing in the English language that can
N.B. An infinitive can NEVER be the verb of the sentence

31. Infinitives as nouns An infinitive as a noun can function as
The SUBJECT To read is fun!
The P.N My ambition is to win!
The D.O I love to read!
The O.P The parachuter was about to
jump.
Appositive You have only one choice,
to go.

32. Try it out! Write one sentence for each function:
Infinitive as subject
Infinitive as direct object
Infinitive as predicate nominative
Infinitive as object of the prep
Infinitive as an appositive

33. Infinitives as modifiers
Infinitive as adjective:
Adjectives answer which one or what kind
The children showed a willingness to cooperate.
What kind of willingness?
To cooperate modifies willingness
The time to start is now.
Which time?
To start modifies time

34. A little practice That is the way to live.
Derek has the ability to succeed in business.
The man to hire is that applicant in the dark glasses.
My desire to travel has taken me all over the world.
These are the songs to sing at the concert.

35. Try it out!
Write three of your own sentences using infinitives as adjectives.
Circle the infinitive and draw an arrow to the word it modifies.
Label the sentence pattern.

36. Infinitive as adverb:
Adverbs answer WHY, WHEN, WHERE, HOW, TO WHAT EXTENT
They fought to win.
Why did they fight?
To win modifies fought.
Some people are unable to adjust.
How are they unable?
To adjust modifies unable.

37. A little practice
The contract was written to provide the rights and laws you must know.
The LA Zoo is fun to visit in the morning.
The winner was excited to accept the new car.
Chris is coming to discuss the location for the picnic.
Editors are trained to find grammatical errors.

38. Try it out!
Write three of your own sentences using an infinitive as an adverb.
Circle the infinitive and draw an arrow to the word it modifies.
Label the sentence pattern.

39. Infinitive Phrases Infinitives can be expanded into phrases by adding
Adverbs: Jeff’s entire family likes to rise early.
Adverb phrases: To skate on the ice without falling was not too easy for him.
Direct objects: He hated to discuss emotions.
Indirect objects and direct objects: They promised to show us their slides.
Subject and Complement: I would like her to determine her own goals.

40. Identifying Infinitive Phrases
To describe the hockey game in an understandable manner required gestures.
The birdwatcher’s ambition was to see one hundred different species.
My friends and I went to see the exhibit on Indian art and to gather material for our report.
Huck and Tom swore to keep the secret about Injun Joe.

41. Put it all together
Choose an infinitive and use it as a noun, adjective, and adverb.
Example: to sing
I love to sing to my students.
My ability to sing has been questioned by some of my closest friends.
It is fun to sing grammar songs.