11 Endocrine System.

11 Endocrine System

Multimedia Directory Slide 16 Endocrine System Animation
Slide 68 Hyperglycemia Animation Slide 70 Hypoglycemia Animation Slide 79 Diabetes Video

Endocrine System at a Glance
Endocrine glands secrete hormones Hormones regulate body activities Metabolic rate Water and mineral balance Immune system reactions Sexual functioning

Organs of the Endocrine System Adrenal glands Ovaries Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Parathyroid glands Pineal gland Pituitary gland Testes

Organs of the Endocrine System Thymus gland Thyroid gland

Endocrine System Illustrated

Endocrine System Combining Forms
acr/o – extremities adren/o – adrenal glands adrenal/o – adrenal glands andr/o – male calc/o – calcium crin/o – to secrete estr/o – female gluc/o – glucose

glyc/o – sugar glycos/o – sugar gonad/o – sex glands home/o – sameness iod/o – iodine kal/i – potassium ket/o – ketones mineral/o – minerals, electrolytes

natr/o – sodium ophthalm/o – eye ovari/o – ovary pancreat/o – pancreas parathyroid/o – parathyroid gland pineal/o – pineal gland pituitar/o – pituitary gland testicul/o – testes

thym/o – thymus thyr/o – thyroid gland thyroid/o – thyroid gland toxic/o – poison

Endocrine System Suffixes
–crine to secrete –dipsia thirst –prandial relating to a meal –pressin to press down –tropin to stimulate

Anatomy and Physiology
Collection of glands Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream Chemicals that act on target organs Increase or decrease target’s activity level Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis Maintain stable internal environment

Types of Glands Two types of glands in body Exocrine glands
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands Exocrine glands Release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body Example: sweat glands

Types of Glands Endocrine glands
Release hormones directly into bloodstream Have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands Example: thyroid gland

Glands of the Endocrine System
Adrenal glands – two Parathyroid glands – four Pancreas Pineal gland Pituitary gland Ovaries – two in females Testes – two in males Thymus gland Thyroid gland

Endocrine System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the endocrine system. Back to Directory

Adrenal Glands Two glands, one located above each kidney
Each gland is composed of two sections: Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

Figure 11.1 The adrenal glands.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones are referred to as corticosteroids
Secreted by adrenal cortex Steroid hormones Three different families of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Steroid sex hormones

Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoid Glucocorticoid Example: aldosterone
Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels Glucocorticoid Example: cortisol Regulates carbohydrates

Adrenal Cortex Steroid sex hormones
Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone Regulate secondary sexual characteristics

Adrenal Medulla Inner portion Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Epinephrine is also called adrenaline Critical during emergency situations Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Increases respiration rate

Ovaries Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of females
Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone Estrogen is responsible for: Female sexual characteristics Regulation of menstrual cycle

Ovaries Progesterone Maintains suitable uterine environment for pregnancy

Figure 11.2 The ovaries.

Pancreas Located along lower curvature of stomach
Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Pancreas Exocrine portion Endocrine sections of the pancreas
Releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum Endocrine sections of the pancreas Islets of Langerhans Produce insulin and glucagon

Pancreas Insulin Produced by beta cells
Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream Lowers blood sugar level Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing carbohydrates

Pancreas Glucagon Produced by alpha cells
Stimulates liver to release stored glucose into bloodstream Raises blood sugar levels Occurs when body needs more glucose

Figure 11.3 The pancreas.

Parathyroid Glands Four tiny glands
Located on dorsal surface of thyroid gland

Parathyroid Glands Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream If calcium levels in blood fall too low: Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood increase Stimulate bone breakdown Releasing more calcium into bloodstream

Figure 11.4 The parathyroid glands.

Pineal Gland Small pine cone-shaped gland
Part of thalamus region of brain

Pineal Gland Secretes melatonin
Not well understood, but plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythm 24-hour clock that governs periods of wakefulness and sleepiness

Figure 11.5 The pineal gland is a part of the thalamus region of the brain.

Pituitary Gland Small marble-shaped gland Located underneath brain
Divided into anterior and posterior lobes Regulated by hypothalamus

Figure 11. 6 The pituitary gland lies just underneath the brain
Figure 11.6 The pituitary gland lies just underneath the brain. It is subdivided into anterior and posterior lobes.

Anterior Pituitary Referred to as “master gland”
Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Regulates function of thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) Regulates function of adrenal cortex

Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropins FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) FSH Responsible for development of ova and sperm Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen

Anterior Pituitary LH Stimulates secretion of sex hormones
Plays a role in releasing ova in females

Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL)
Also called somatotropin Stimulates cells to grow and divide Prolactin (PRL) Stimulates milk production in breast Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin

Figure 11.7 The different hormones and target tissues for the anterior pituitary.

Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin
Also called vasopressin Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules Oxytocin Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery After birth stimulates release of milk from breast

Testes Two oval glands located in scrotum
Secrete male sex hormone, testosterone Testosterone Produces male secondary sexual characteristics Regulates sperm production

Figure 11.8 The testes.

Thymus Gland Located in mediastinum Part of immune system
Also endocrine gland Secretes thymosin

Thymus Gland Thymosin Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells Critical part of body’s immune system Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue

Figure 11.9 The thymus gland.

Thyroid Gland Located on either side of trachea
Resembles a butterfly in shape Divided into right and left lobes

Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormones Needs iodine to make hormones
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Needs iodine to make hormones These hormones: Regulate energy production Adjust metabolic rate

Thyroid Gland Also secretes calcitonin
Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream If calcium levels in blood rise too high: Calcitonin levels in blood increase Increases deposition of calcium into bone Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream

Thyroid Gland Its action is opposite of parathyroid hormone

Figure 11.10 The thyroid gland is divided into a left and right lobe.

Additional Combining Forms
aden/o – gland carcin/o – cancer cortic/o – outer portion cyt/o – cell gynec/o – female immun/o – protection lapar/o – abdomen lob/o – lobe

Additional Combining Forms
mast/o – breast neur/o – nerve or/o – mouth radi/o – ray retin/o – retina vas/o – vessel

Additional Suffixes -al pertaining to -ary pertaining to
-ectomy surgical removal -emia blood condition -emic relating to a blood condition -graphy process of recording -ia condition

Additional Suffixes -ic pertaining to -ism state of -itis inflammation
-logy study of -megaly enlarged -oma tumor -osis abnormal condition -pathy disease

Additional Suffixes -scopy procedure to visually examine
-tic pertaining to -uria urine condition

Additional Prefixes anti- against endo- within ex- outward
hyper- excessive hypo- insufficient pan- all poly- many post- after

Anatomical Terms adrenal pertaining to the adrenal glands ovarian
pertaining to the ovary pancreatic pertaining to the pancreas parathyroidal pertaining to the parathyroid glands pituitary pertaining to the pituitary gland testicular pertaining to the testes thymic pertaining to the thymus gland thyroidal pertaining to the thyroid gland

Building Anatomical Terms
Ovarian Pertaining to the ovary Testicular Pertaining to the testes ovari/o + -an testicul/o + -ar

Building Anatomical Terms
Thymic Pertaining to the thymus gland Thyroidal Pertaining to the thyroid gland thym/o + -ic thyroid/o + -al

Medical Specialties endocrinology Branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands. Physician is an endocrinologist.

Signs and Symptoms adrenomegaly enlarged adrenal glands adrenopathy
general term for adrenal gland disease edema excessive fluid in body tissues endocrinopathy general term for disease involving an endocrine gland exophthalmos protruding eyeballs glycosuria sugar in the urine

Figure 11. 11 A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos
Figure A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with hypersecretion of the thyroid gland. (Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)

Signs and Symptoms gynecomastia development of breast tissue in males
hirsutism excessive amount of hair hypercalcemia excessive calcium in the blood hyperglycemia excessive sugar in the blood hyperkalemia excessive potassium in the blood hypersecretion excessive hormone production by endocrine gland

Hyperglycemia Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of hyperglycemia. Back to Directory 68

Signs and Symptoms hypocalcemia insufficient calcium in the blood
hypoglycemia insufficient sugar in the blood hyponatremia insufficient sodium in the blood hyposecretion insufficient hormone production by endocrine gland obesity having abnormal amount of fat

Hypoglycemia Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of hypoglycemia. Back to Directory 70

Signs and Symptoms polydipsia excessive feeling of thirst polyuria
producing an excessive amount of urine syndrome group of symptoms and signs that combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition thyromegaly enlarged thyroid gland

Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
Hyperkalemia Condition of excessive potassium in the blood Glycosuria Condition of sugar in the urine hyper- + kal/i + -emia glycos/o + -uria

Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
Gynecomastia Condition of female breasts Hyponatremia Condition of insufficient sodium in the blood gyenc/o + mast/o + -ia hypo- + natr/o + -emia

Adrenal Gland Pathology
Addison’s disease hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include generalized weakness and weight loss adrenal feminization hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal cortex in males; develops female secondary sexual characteristics like gynecomastia adrenal virilism hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex in females; develops male secondary sexual characteristics

Adrenal Gland Pathology
adrenalitis inflammation of adrenal glands Cushing’s syndrome hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include weakness, edema, excess hair growth, and osteoporosis pheochromocytoma hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor; usually benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and headache

Figure 11. 12 Cushing’s syndrome
Figure Cushing’s syndrome. (Biophoto Associates/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Pancreas Pathology Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
diabetes mellitus (DM) Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism Results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria Two very distinct types: - insulin-dependent - non-insulin-dependent

Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Also called Type 1 Develops early in life Destruction of islet cells Person makes too little insulin Must take insulin injections Also called Type 2 Develops later in life Person makes enough insulin, but it has lost ability to regulate cells Do not take insulin Treated by diet, exercise, and oral medications

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes.
Diabetes Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes. Back to Directory

Pancreas Pathology diabetic retinopathy
accumulation of damage to retina; complication of diabetes mellitus insulinoma islet of Langerhans tumor; secretes excessive amount of insulin ketoacidosis acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus peripheral neuropathy damage to nerves in lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus

Parathyroid Gland Pathology
hyperparathyroidism hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone hypoparathyroidism hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone Recklinghausen disease hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; causes degeneration of bones tetany nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to hypocalcemia; may be caused by hypoparathyroidism

Pituitary Gland Pathology
acromegaly chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of head and extremities diabetes insipidus (DI) hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia dwarfism hyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature gigantism hypersecretion of growth hormone in child; results in very tall adult

Figure illustrating the enlarged skull, jaw, and hands typicalAcromegaly. Photo of a womanof acromegaly. (Reprinted from American Journal of Medicine, Vol 20, Dr. William H. Daughaday, University of California/Irvine, ©1956. With permission from Excerpta Medica Inc.)

Pituitary Gland Pathology
hyperpituitarism hypersecretion of one or more pituitary hormones hypopituitarism hyposecretion of one or more pituitary hormones panhypopituitarism hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; results in problems with the glands controlled by pituitary gland

Thymus Gland Pathology
thymitis inflammation of the thymus gland thymoma tumor in the thymus gland

Thyroid Gland Pathology
cretinism congenital hyposecretion of thyroid; results in poor physical and mental development goiter enlarged thyroid gland Graves’ disease hypersecretion of thyroid; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter Hashimoto’s thyroiditis autoimmune destruction of thyroid; results in hyposecretion disorder

Figure 11.14 Goiter. A photograph of a male with an extreme goiter or enlarged thyroid gland.

Thyroid Gland Pathology
hyperthyroidism hypersecretion of thyroid hormones hypothyroidism hyposecretion of thyroid hormones myxedema hyposecretion disorder in adult; symptoms include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy thyrotoxicosis marked hypersecretion; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss

Endocrine Gland Pathology
adenocarcinoma cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that gland; results in hypersecretion pathologies

Building Pathology Terms
Retinopathy Disease of the retina Acromegaly Enlarged extremities retin/o + -pathy acr/o + -megaly

Building Pathology Terms
Thyrotoxicosis Abnormal condition of thyroid gland poisoning Adenocarcinoma Cancerous tumor of a gland thyr/o + toxic/o + -osis aden/o + carcin/o + -oma

Clinical Laboratory Tests
blood serum test measures level of substances, such as calcium, glucose, or hormones, in blood fasting blood sugar (FBS) measures glucose in bloodstream after 12-hour fast glucose tolerance test (GTT) measures blood sugar level over several hours after person drinks large dose of glucose

protein bound iodine test (PBI) measures T4 blood level; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins radioimmunoassay (RIA) measures levels of hormones in blood thyroid function test (TFT) measures levels of T3, T4, and TSH in blood

total calcium measures calcium in blood; used to diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders protein bound iodine test (PBI) measures T4 blood level; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins

Diagnostic Imaging thyroid echography
ultrasound examination of thyroid gland thyroid scan nuclear medicine image based on accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland

Building Diagnostic Terms
Postprandial Relating to after a meal post- + -prandial

Medical Treatments chemical thyroidectomy large dose of radioactive iodine is given to kill a portion of the thyroid gland; avoids surgery glucometer instrument to measure amount of glucose in bloodstream hormone replacement therapy administering replacement hormones; treats hyposecretion disorders

Surgical Treatments adrenalectomy surgical removal of adrenal gland
laparoscopic adrenalectomy removal of adrenal gland through small abdominal laparoscopic incision lobectomy removal of a lobe of thyroid gland

Surgical Treatments parathyroidectomy
surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands pinealectomy surgical removal of pineal gland thymectomy surgical removal of thymus gland thyroidectomy surgical removal of thyroid gland

Building Therapeutic Terms
Glucometer Instrument to measure glucose Lobectomy Surgical removal of a lobe gluc/o + -meter lob/o + -ectomy

Building Therapeutic Terms
Pinealectomy Surgical removal of pineal gland Thyroidectomy Surgical removal of thyroid gland pineal/o + -ectomy thyroid/o + -ectomy

Endocrine System Pharmacology
antithyroid agents blocks production of thyroid hormones Tapazole corticosteroids replaces adrenal cortex hormones Deltasone human growth hormone therapy replaces growth hormone Genotropin, Protropin

Endocrine System Pharmacology
insulin treats type 1 diabetes mellitus Humulin L oral hypoglycemic agents decreases blood sugar in type 2 diabetics Glucophage, Glucotrol thyroid replacement hormone replaces thyroid hormones Levo-T, Cytomel vasopressin treats diabetes insipidus Desmopressin, Vaprisol

Endocrine System Abbreviations
α alpha ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone ADH antidiuretic hormone β beta BMR basal metabolic rate DI diabetes insipidus DM diabetes mellitus

FBS fasting blood sugar FSH follicle-stimulating hormone GH growth hormone GTT glucose tolerance test IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus K+ potassium LH luteinizing hormone

MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone Na+ sodium NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin) PBI protein-bound iodine PRL prolactin PTH parathyroid hormone

RAI radioactive iodine RIA radioimmunoassay T3 triiodothyronine T4 thyroxine TFT thyroid function test TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone

Combining Forms Match Up
acr/o estr/o kal/i natr/o toxic/o extremities female sodium potassium poison

Classroom Response System

Pop Question 1 Which is NOT one of the endocrine glands?
Sebaceous glands Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas

Answer 1 Which is NOT one of the endocrine glands? Sebaceous glands
Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas

Pop Question 2 Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Steroid sex hormones Aldosterone Epinephrine Cortisol

Answer 2 Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Steroid sex hormones Aldosterone Epinephrine Cortisol

Pop Question 3 Which organ in the body is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland? Thyroid gland Pancreas Pineal gland Ovaries

Answer 3 Which organ in the body is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland? Thyroid gland Pancreas Pineal gland Ovaries

Pop Question 4 Which endocrine gland regulates the circadian rhythm?
Pituitary gland Parathyroid glands Thyroid gland Pineal gland

Answer 4 Which endocrine gland regulates the circadian rhythm?
Pituitary gland Parathyroid glands Thyroid gland Pineal gland

Pop Question 5 Which endocrine gland is referred to as the “master gland”? Pituitary gland Pineal gland Testes Thyroid gland

Answer 5 Which endocrine gland is referred to as the “master gland”?
Pituitary gland Pineal gland Testes Thyroid gland

Pop Question 6 Which of the following is the target for prolactin?
Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Breast Ovary

Answer 6 Which of the following is the target for prolactin?
Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Breast Ovary

Pop Question 7 Which term means an insufficient amount of sodium in the blood? hypercalcemia hyponatremia hypocalcemia hyperkalemia

Answer 7 Which term means an insufficient amount of sodium in the blood? hypercalcemia hyponatremia hypocalcemia hyperkalemia

Pop Question 8 Adrenal virilism occurs in males. True False

Answer 8 Adrenal virilism occurs in males. True False

Pop Question 9 Which of the following terms refers to having an excessive amount of hair? Polydipsia Exophthalmos Gynecomastia Hirsutism

Answer 9 Which of the following terms refers to having an excessive amount of hair? Polydipsia Exophthalmos Gynecomastia Hirsutism

Pop Question 10 Which of the following is true regarding type-2 diabetes mellitus? Develops later in life Also called insulin-dependent Requires insulin injections Pancreas stops producing insulin

Answer 10 Which of the following is true regarding type-2 diabetes mellitus? Develops later in life Also called insulin-dependent Requires insulin injections Pancreas stops producing insulin

Pop Question 11 Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of insulin.
True False

Answer 11 Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of insulin. True
False

Pop Question 12 Dwarfism is caused by the lack of growth hormone. True
False

Answer 12 Dwarfism is caused by the lack of growth hormone. True False

Pop Question 13 Which condition is caused by hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in an adult? Cretinism Thyrotoxicosis Myxedema Acromegaly

Answer 13 Which condition is caused by hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in an adult? Cretinism Thyrotoxicosis Myxedema Acromegaly

Pop Question 14 Adenocarcinoma is one potential cause of hyposecretion disorders. True False

Answer 14 Adenocarcinoma is one potential cause of hyposecretion disorders. True False

Pop Question 15 The protein-bound iodine test specifically tests the function of which endocrine gland? Pineal gland Adrenal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland

Answer 15 The protein-bound iodine test specifically tests the function of which endocrine gland? Pineal gland Adrenal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland

Pop Question 16 Which of the following diagnostic tests is NOT used to diagnose diabetes mellitus? Protein-bound iodine test Fasting blood sugar Two-hour postprandial test Glucose tolerance test

Answer 16 Which of the following diagnostic tests is NOT used to diagnose diabetes mellitus? Protein-bound iodine test Fasting blood sugar Two-hour postprandial test Glucose tolerance test

Pop Question 17 A chemical thyroidectomy uses radioactive iodine to kill the thyroid gland, avoiding surgery. True False

Answer 17 A chemical thyroidectomy uses radioactive iodine to kill the thyroid gland, avoiding surgery. True False

Pop Question 18 Oral hypoglycemic agents are used to treat what condition? Thyrotoxicosis Diabetes mellitus Pheochromocytoma Diabetes insipidus

Answer 18 Oral hypoglycemic agents are used to treat what condition?
Thyrotoxicosis Diabetes mellitus Pheochromocytoma Diabetes insipidus

Pop Question 19 Which of the following abbreviations is NOT a pituitary hormone? TSH ACTH PTH FSH

Answer 19 Which of the following abbreviations is NOT a pituitary hormone? TSH ACTH PTH FSH

Pop Question 20 Which of the following is the abbreviation for potassium? T4 Ca+ Na+ K+

Answer 20 Which of the following is the abbreviation for potassium? T4
Ca+ Na+ K+

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