1. BIOMOLECULES

2. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
We will be repeating these ALL year! Yesterday: Atoms  Molecules  Macromolecules… Today we will dig into the four macromolecules that are essential for life to exist.

3. What are the 4 biomolecules?
TODAY
TOMORROW
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD…
THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE!
THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.

4. We get 4 kilocalories per gram
#1: CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!
We get 4 kilocalories per gram
of carb that we eat!

5. What are Carbohydrates?
Most common organic molecule
Function: Primary energy source our body needs
Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)
Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
IMPORTANT!

6. Sugars that make up Carbs
Single sugar: monosaccharide
Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
Ex: maltose, sucrose
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
I am a polysaccharide!

7. Types of polysaccharides
Starch:
Used for energy storage in plants
Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches
They provide a quick form of energy for the body
Glycogen:
Used for energy storage in animals
I am formed in the Liver!

8. More Polysaccharides Cellulose: Chitin:
Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall)
Chitin:
Found in exoskeletens of arthropods (insects, spiders)
Found in cell wall of some fungi
GIVES US FIBER!!!

9. Structure of Carbohydrates
Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)

10. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong
Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!

11. #2: LIPIDS
ARE FATS
We get 9 kcals per gram
Of fat that we consume.

12. Lipids
Function: Store energy, Insulates your body, and make up the cell membrane!
Elements: C-H-O
Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides
Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part of the cell membrane!

13. Lipids
Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water!
Lipids can be:
Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds.
Solid at room temperature
Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present.
Liquid at room temperature
Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
Important!

15. Lipid Structure Remember: Elements present are C, H, O
Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
CALLED HYDROCARBONS!

16. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong
Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!

17. BIOMOLECULES PART 2
PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS!

18. #3: PROTEINS BUILD US We get 4 kcals per gram
Of protein that we consume.

19. Proteins Function of proteins
Transport molecules in and out of the cell
Control the speed of chemical reactions
Used for growth and repair
Proteins make up the structure of living things…
Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!

20. NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
Proteins
NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
Elements: C-H-O-N
Monomer (Building Block): amino acids (20 different ones!)
Polymer: proteins (tons)
Examples of proteins: hemoglobin in red blood cells, albumin in eggs, enzymes that control reactions in the body, and antibodies
Found in: fish, eggs, meat

21. Protein Structure Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
“R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids! (so, each amino acid has something different in that spot)

22. Why are amino acids important?
When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed
There are 20 kinds of amino acids
They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group NH2
Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)

23. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong
Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!

24. #4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
These biomolecules are not
necessarily from food

25. Nucleic acids Function: Provide our genetic information
Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
A nucleotide is made up of:
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Energy carrier
Genetic code!
Recipe for proteins

26. Structure of Nucleic Acid

27. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong
Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!