1. Winter Review

2. Chapter 54
Behavioral Biology

3. What is Behavior?
The way an animal responds to stimuli in its environment.
Proximate Causation vs Ultimate Causation (Nature vs Nurture Debate)
Inate Behavior-example egg-rolling response in geese
Supernormal Stimuli

4. Is Smart Genetic?
1940’s Rat Experiment
Twin Studies

5. Specific Genes can be linked to specific behaviors.
FosB gene

6. Learning Altering ones behavior as a result of previous experience
Types
Nonassociative aka Habituation
Associative aka Conditioning
Classical Conditioning ( Pavlov’s dogs)
Operant Conditioning (Reward/Punishment)

7. Can we learn anything? Nope Instinct vs Learning
What can be learned is biologically influenced.
Example- Pigeon can associate food with color but not sounds. Can associate danger with sounds but not with colors.

8. Parent influence on Cognitin and Behavior
Imprinting- social attachments effecting behavior latter in life.
Filial imprinting
Ducks, monkeys and orphans…Oh MY!!!!
Sexual Imprinting
Ligers

9. Instinct and Learning Song Sparrows
Raised listening to no song or to the song of another species had undeveloped songs as adults
Raised listening to their own species song developed normally.

10. Do animals think? Yup Chimps- termite eating technique
Japanese macaques wash sand off of potatoes

11. Orientation and Migration
Orientation- tracking stimuli in the environment ex to and from watering hole
Taxis
Migration- large groups traveling long distances
Use both orientation and navigation (compass and map)

12. Animal Communication
Species specific- example fireflies, dance language of the honeybee, primate language
Long Distance- pheromones
Non-species specific- marking territory, persuit deterrent in deer

13. Behavioral Ecology
Adaptive Significance- example seagulls removing broken eggshells
Foraging Behavior- optimal diet
Territoriality

14. Reproductive Strategies
Determines how many mates , and how much time and energy to devote to rearing offspring
Males and females differ in their reproductive strategies- males will mate with anyone!
Why? Parental Investment

15. Sexual Selection
Intrasexual Selection-individuals of one sex competing to get some.
Sexual Dimorphism- differences between males and females
Sperm Compitition
Intersexual Selection-Mate Choice

17. Mating Systems Monogamy-Altricial Polygamy-Precocial
Polyandry-extra-pair copulations

18. Evolution of Social Systems
Individuals specialized to do different tasks
Honeyees
Leaf-cutter ants

19. Chapter 55
Population Ecology

20. The Environmental Challenge
Animals must meet the challenge of the environment they live in to survive
Physiological Responses
Morphological Capabilities
Behavioral Responses
Natural Selection Reinforces the responses to the environment

21. Populations Groups of Individuals of the same species in one space
Random Distribution
Uniform Distribution
Clumped Distribution

22. Population Demography and Dynamics
Sex Ratio and Generation time affect population growth rates
Age at first reproduction correlates with life spane

23. Altruism
The performance of an action that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor
Group Selection
Kin Selection- 2 brothers or 8 1st cousins
Haplodiploidy- bees

24. Carrying Capacity
The maximum number of individuals an environment can support
Sigmoidal growth curve

25. Factors that Regulate Populations
Density Dependent Factors- as population size increases either birth rates decrease or death rates increase (Negative Feedback)
Allee Effect
Density Independent effects
Outside factors effect population size ( ex natural disasters)

26. K vs r selected individuals
r - selected usually smaller, have a lot of babies at once
K- selected usually larger, have fewer babies at one time

27. Human Population Growth
Human Populations have grown exponentially
Human population growth has declined in developed countries but is still increasing in developing countries

28. Chapter 56
Community Ecology

29. Communities All of the species living in a particular area
Can be characterized by either the species present or properties of the community such as species richness and primary productivity

30. Individualistic vs Holistic Communities
Individualistic says that a community us just a bunch of species that happen to be in the same place at the same time
Holistic says that communities are a integrated unit
Which argument do scientists agree with and why?

31. Niches
The total of all the ways it uses the resources in the environment
Fundamental vs Realized Niche example deep and shallow barnicles
Competitive exclusion and niche overlap

32. Predator Prey Relationships
A lot of predators = low prey….then low prey= death of predators….then death of predators = high prey…and so on and so on.

33. Coevolution
When predators and prey accumulate adaptations to protect against being preyed upon then overcome these protections.
Examples plant develops secondary chemical compounds to poison predators, then certain predators develop immunity and continue to prey on plants

34. Mimicry
Some non-poisoness species “mimic” the coloration of poisoness or harmful ones as a means of discouraging predation.
Batesian Mimicry- palatalbe insects resemble distasteful species
Mullerian mimicry- unrelated species resemble one another.

35. Types of Species Interactions
Symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism

36. Keystone Species
Species that have a greater effect on the composition of a community than one may expect
Example- Starfish

37. Succession When communities build at a specific site
Primary Succession
Secondary Succesion
Tolerance, Facilitation, Inhibition

38. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Greater diversity of species where there is slight disturbances happening often
Why?

39. Chapter 57
Dynamics of Ecosystems

40. The Carbon Cycle

41. The Water Cycle

42. The Nitrogen Cycle 

43. Phosphorus Cycle

44. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Law of Conservation of Energy
Productivity- the rate at which new organic matter is created
Trophic Levels

45. Energy in an Ecosystem

46. Trophic Level Interactions
Top Down Effects
When changing something at the top of a trophic level effects the lower levels- taking away carnivore
Bottom Up effects
When changes in primary producers effect higher trophic levels-increasing or decreasing primary productivity

47. Chapter 58
The Biosphere

48. Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Savanna Desert Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Decidous Forrest
Temperate Evergreen Forest
Taiga
Tundra

49. Tropical Rain Forest High Temperatures year round
Richest ecosystems on land
High biodiversity

50. Savanna
Warm Temperatures year-round
Seasonal Rain

51. Desert
Warm and cool temperatures
Very little rainfall

52. Temperature Grasslands
Warm summers and cool winters
Very fertile soil

53. Temperature Decidous Forrest
Warm summers and cool winters
Plentiful rain
Found in Northwest US
Many Trees that lose leaves in the winter

54. Temperature evergreen Forest
Temperate climates
Occur along Coastlines
Dominated by pines and spruces (evergreen)

55. Taiga Cold Temperatures Very long cold winters Limited Precipitation
Spruce Trees

56. Tundra VERY cold Ground is frozen most the the year “permafrost”
Very few trees

57. Freshwater habitats Life depends on Oxygen availability
Oligotrophic- high oxygen and low nutrient
Eytrophic- low oxygen and high nutrient

58. Human Impacts on the Bioshphere
Point Source vs Diffuse Pollution
DDT
Ozone depletion
Global warming

59. Chapter 59
Conservation Biology

60. Save the earth!