1. 9.1 Introduction Purpose What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- by taking a final law exam on the Constitution
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

2. Ch 9 The Constitution: A More Perfect Union
Essential Question:
How has the Constitution created “a more perfect Union”?
Objectives:
Identify the main features of the Constitution and describe the basic lawmaking process.
Analyze how the Constitution divides powers among various levels and branches and preserves individual rights.
Explain how the guiding principles of the Constitution have created “a more perfect Union” and resulted in a government that can adapt to changing times.

3. 9.1 Introduction Compromises Structure Framework
Constitution has many compromises.
The most important one is creating a strong central government that does not threaten individual freedoms.
Structure
Framers wanted the Constitution to be easy to read.
The Constitution is divided into sections called Articles.
Each article is split into sections
Framework
Strong framework with ability to add and change.
Thy Constitution is a living document with the ability to change and grow.

4. 9.2 The Preamble tells the Goals of Government
Purpose
What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- read and explain the parts of the Preamble of the Constitution
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

5. Ch 9.2 The Constitution: A More Perfect Union

6. 9.2 The Preamble Tells the Goals of Government
The Preamble explains the reasons for the new government.
The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution’s fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of, the Founding Fathers’ intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve
“We the People”
States that the Constitution gets its power from the people. That is called popular sovereignty.

7. 9.2 The Preamble Tells the Goals of Government
“form a more perfect Union”
States and national government to work together.
“establish Justice”
To be ruled by laws. All people must follow.
“insure domestic Tranquility”
Keep peace at home.
“provide for the common defense”
Protect from foreign enemies
“promote the general Welfare”
Support economy and help people prosper
“secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity”
Protect freedoms now and in future.

8. 9.3 The Legislative Branch Makes Laws
Purpose
What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- by understanding how power is divided between the three branches of government
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

9. Vocabulary Terms separation of powers Legislative branch bicameral
Congress
House of Representatives
Senate
census
apportionment
popular vote
bill
veto
override
appropriate
elastic clause

10. 9.3 The Legislative Branch The Structure of Congress
Each of the government’s three branches has specific powers.
This separation of powers keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful.
Article I defines the Legislative Branch
The Structure of Congress
Congress controls the Legislative Branch
Congress is bicameral or divided into two houses.
Senate(upper house) 2 per state (100), 6 year term (no limit), must be 30, citizen for 9 years and resident of state you serve.
House of Representatives (lower house) based on population (435), 2 year term (no limit), must be 25, citizen for 7 years and resident of state you serve.
Congress uses apportionment, or planned distribution, to determine how many of the 435 representatives each state receives in the House. A Census is taken every ten years to count the population

11. How Congress Works The Powers of Congress
Congress makes the nation’s laws,
Can propose laws called a bill
President must sign to make it a law. He can veto or vote no to a bill.
Congress can cancel or override a veto by voting with a 2/3 majority.
The Powers of Congress
Spend money or appropriate money.
Raise an army, navy
Declare war
Pay debts
Grant citizenship
Carry out other power using elastic clause. (Article I section 8)

13. Vocabulary Terms Executive Branch President Vice President
Chief Executive
candidate
22nd Amendment
native-born citizen
commander in chief
Ambassadors
Executive departments
veto
executive order
pardon
cabinet
impeach

14. 9.4 The Executive Branch Carries Out the Laws
Purpose
What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- understand how power is divided between the three branches of government.
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

15. 9.4 The Executive Branch The Executive Branch Carries Out the Laws
Powers are specified in Article II of the Constitution.
Enforces the laws that Congress passes.
The head of this branch is called President or Chief Executive
Electing the President
Elected by electors from Electoral College not directly by the people or popular vote.
Has a 4 year term, elections are held every four years.
22nd Amendment limits them to 2 terms.
Swears an oath to defend the Constitution.
Must be at least 35 years old, a native-born citizen, and have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years.

16. The Powers of the President
President is also commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces.
President can negotiate treaties with other countries, must be approved by Congress.
President nominates ambassadors and Supreme Count justices, must be approved by Congress.
President can veto, or cancel, laws that Congress passes
In certain cases, presidents can issue an executive order, which has the force of law
President has the power to pardon, or grant freedom from punishment, people accused or convicted of crimes.
The cabinet advises the president and consists of the heads (Secretaries) of each executive department. Departments have smaller agencies in them.
Removing the President
House of Representative can impeach, bring charges against, a president.
Senate tries all impeached cases and can remove the president from office.

18. 9.5 The Judicial Branch Interprets the Laws
Purpose
What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- understand how power is divided between the three branches of government.
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

19. Vocabulary Terms Judicial Branch unconstitutional district court
appellate court
Supreme court
justices
chief justice
judicial review

20. 9.5 The Judicial Branch The Judicial Branch Interprets the Law
“The Supreme Law of the Land” – No other law or action by the government or by any state can conflict with the Constitution.
Article III of the Constitution outlines the courts’ duties.
Protecting the Constitution is principal job.
The highest court is called the Supreme Court
It also resolves disputes that involve national laws, the federal government, or the states.
People accused of a federal crime can be tried in federal court.
Federal Court System
Congress has power to create inferior(lower) courts. They created district courts and appellate courts.
Most case start in the district court. Those cases can be appealed or revived by the appellate court and even the Supreme Court.

21. The Powers of the Supreme Court
Final say in any case.
Today the Supreme Court has 9 justices or judges.
Only cases that go directly to the Supreme Court are case involving a state or ambassador from another country.
They review thousands of cases a year but only hear about a 100.
The power to decide if laws or acts by the legislative and executive branches conflict with the Constitution is called Judicial Review.
Appointed by President but approved by Senate: no special requirements, term is for “life”
The federal court can strike down state or federal laws it finds to be unconstitutional.
Has 94 district courts and 13 courts of appeals, which review lower-court decisions.

22. Important Questions
What are the responsibilities of the Supreme Court?
Hear appeals from court appeals
Hear all cases involving international diplomats and disputes between the states

24. 9.6 Checks and Balances Purpose
What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- by understanding how the framers of the Constitution try to check and balance federal powers
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

25. Vocabulary Terms
checks and balances
checks
balances
amendments

26. 9.6 Checks and Balances Checks and Balances Between the Branches
To keep any one branch from dominating another the framers developed checks and balances. This limits the power of the other two branches
Checking the Power of the Other Branches
Checks allow one branch to block the actions of another.
Congress can pass laws, president can veto, congress can override, supreme court has power of judicial review and can call the law unconstitutional.
Balancing the Power of the Other Branches
Balances allow each branch of the government to have some role in the action and power of the branches.
President can appoint judges but congress must approve.

29. 9.7 The Amendement Process
Purpose
What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- by understanding how did the framers of the Constitution try to check and balance federal powers
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

30. 9.7 The Amendment Process The Amendment Process
In order to grow with the country the Constitution can be changed by adding an amendment.
To give the Constitution stability or strong framework the framers made it very difficult.
Changing the Constitution
Article V describes the amendment process.
Amendments can be proposed two ways.
Congress may propose an amendment with a 2/3 vote in both houses.
Congress can call a national convention where state legislatures may propose an amendment.
There are two ways to ratify amendments
¾ of state legislatures may ratify or approve
A special convention can be held where ¾ of the states ratify or approve.
Once it is ratified it becomes part of the Constitution.
Amendments so Far
10,000 amendments have been proposed, only 27 have been ratified.
First 10 were added immediately, called the Bill of Rights

32. 9.8 The Federal System Purpose
What- We are going to learn about compromise
How- by understanding how the framers of the Constitution try to balance state and federal powers
Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

33. Vocabulary Terms Representative democracy Delegated Reserved
Concurrent
federalism

34. 9.8 The Federal System
The Federal System Connects the Nation and the States
The United States is a representative democracy – a government led by officials chosen by the people.
The U.S. is a federal system- government which power is shared between the national and state government.
Powers Belonging the National Government.
Powers granted in the Constitution to the federal government are delegated powers.
Declaring war, coining money, making treaties
Powers Belonging the State Government.
Powers kept by the state government or by the citizens are reserved powers.
The Constitution does not specificity list the powers of the states, but it does states that powers not given to the national government belong to the states.
Schools, marriage, establishing local governments, owning property, licensing doctors and lawyers, or most crimes.
States must work with other states by accepting other state laws.
Driver’s license, legal contracts, help track down criminals.

35. Shared Powers The Law of the Land
Concurrent powers are powers shared by the federal and state governments. Shared Powers.
Collect taxes, build roads, borrow money, and regulate education.
Federalism is sharing of power. It is complicated and continues to evolve.
The Law of the Land
The Constitution is “Supreme Law of the Land.” This means all state constitutions, laws and judicial decisions must agree with the Constitution.
Everyone who hold office must promise to protect the Constitution.

39. Important Questions
Which section of the Constitution provides flexibility so that the federal government can respond to unexpected issues and situations?
Article I, section 8; also know as the elastic clause

40. Vocabulary Terms native born citizen
naturalized citizen or naturalization
immigrant
majority rule
interest group
community service groups
political action committees
draft
subpoena

41. Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship

42. Citizenship Becoming a U.S. Citizen
Native Born- anyone born in U.S. or a territory it controls is a citizen.
People born in Puerto Rico are U.S. Citizens because it is a territory of the U.S.
person of foreign birth is granted full citizenship if parent is U.S. citizen.
Naturalized citizen- If parent is NOT U.S. citizen people born in foreign countries can become citizens.
person must move to U.S. and complete long application process.
Immigrant – person who permanently moves to new country.
legal immigrants have many of same rights/responsibilities as U.S. citizens.
Cannot vote or hold public office
Immigrants who break law can be deported, or returned to country of origin
Legal immigrants over 18 can petition for naturalization
Must live in US for 5 yrs
Must be able to financially support self. If not, must find sponsor
Two differences between naturalized and native-born citizens:
Naturalized citizen can lose citizenship
Naturalized citizen cannot become president or vice president
U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) oversees process of becoming citizen and sets hearing to test the person’s qualifications tests in reading, writing, speaking English

43. Responsibilities of Citizen
Duties of Citizens – to other citizens, the government and to ourselves
Know and obey the laws
Respect people in authority and to respect rights of others
parents, police and teachers
government protects children whose parents who don’t take proper care of them
Paying taxes
used for public roads, police and fire departs
property taxes, sales taxes, tariffs
Income taxes – pay certain percentage of income to federal government
progressive – increases as you make more money
Regressive – same for all people regardless of income
sales and city taxes

44. Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship
Protect and defend the nation from harm
help in war effort
Draft – helps raise the needed number of soldiers
men must register at 18
gives govern list of people in case war breaks out
women do not have to register
Citizens can be called to serve on a jury
help fulfill 6th Amend right to trial by jury
Testify in court
you witness a crime

45. Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship
Citizens and Elections
Elections are the basis of representative democracy
Must be 18 yrs to vote
Citizens and Government
Interest groups can be formed to influence politicians on certain issues
Million Mom March
Can write letters or attend meetings
Community Service
Civic Virtue – commitment to helping others
community volunteers ,neighborhood watch, during Revolution, women made cloth and other goods for colonists
Government volunteers
Red Cross, Habitat for Humanity