1. World War II (1939-1945) US Involvement (1941-1945)

2. What’s Essential? Causes of the War (underlying and direct)
Reasons for American Neutrality (various acts/events)
Reason for American entrance: Pearl Harbor
Wartime goals of the Allies

3. Essential to Know (con’t)
American Homefront (women, blacks, Japanese internment)
Yalta and Potsdam Conferences and their significance
Decision to drop atomic bomb and its lasting effects

4. What do we know about the world as a result of WWI?

5. The Road Towards American Intervention

6. Causes for World War II DIRECT:
UNDERLYING:
Treaty of Versailles
Nationalism
Worldwide Depression
Dictatorships
The policy of appeasement
American Isolationism
DIRECT:
Germany invading Poland on September 1st, 1939

7. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
Roosevelt openly expressed his favor for an Allied victory & took steps to ready the U.S. for war
In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully tried to convince world leaders to “quarantine the aggressors”
Everything changed in with the Nazi-Soviet Pact & the German invasion of Poland
But, FDR was able to get $1 billion from Congress to expand the U.S. navy

9. US=Turtle

10. The Axis Powers!!!

11. Hitler and Nazi Germany
Rise to power result of weakness of previous government (1933- became Chancellor)
Charismatic speaker, preached German nationalism, denounced Versailles Treaty
Blamed Jews, communists for Germany’s problems
Promised return of German pride

12. Benito Mussolini in Italy
Fascist leader who took control of Italy in 1922
Wanted to create another Roman Empire
Invaded Ethiopia in 1935
Along with Hitler supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (combat experience)

13. Japanese Expansion Sought total control of Pacific (resources)
1931- military occupation of Manchuria
1936- Japan signs Pact with Germany, Italy
Nanking Massacre- December 1937

14. Dr. Seuss Explains it all
Handout
Can you tell what events are being described?
How can these cartoons be a product of their time and could taken out of historical context?

15. America: The Great Neutrilizer

16. American Neutrality
Domestic: U.S. in midst of Great Depression, public intent on remaining neutral
1935: First Neutrality Act (no sale of arms to belligerent nations)
1937: Arm sales only on “cash and carry” basis
FDR warns of impending problems
President Roosevelt

17. Isolationism in the United States
Economic, military reasons for neutrality
Tried to prevent mistakes that led to WWI involvement
FDR: “Let no one imagine that we will escape…that this western hemisphere will not be attacked”—outraged many isolationists
Hitler and Mussolini

18. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
“The destroyer-for-bases deal is the most important action in the reinforcement of our national defense that has been taken since the Louisiana Purchase”
—FDR
When WW II began in 1939, FDR got Congress agree to a cash & carry policy to aid the Allies:
The U.S. would trade with the Allies but would not offer loans & would not deliver American products to Europe
In addition, FDR traded 50 old destroyers with England for 8 naval bases in Western Europe
FDR responded with all-out aid to the Allies but did not call for war

19. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
Isolationists
Appalled by this departure from neutrality & FDR’s involvement of the US in a foreign war
Their “Fortress of America” idea argued that Germany was not a threat to the US
“The future of western civilization is being decided upon the battlefield of Europe”
—CDAAA chair, William Allen White
Interventionists
Groups like the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies called for unlimited aid to England
They argued that the events in Europe did impact the security of US
St. Louis Dispatch headline: “Dictator Roosevelt Commits Act of War”

20. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
Interventionists had the majority of public sentiment on their side:
Congress appropriated $10 billion for preparedness in 1940
FDR called for America’s 1st peacetime draft
In the election of 1940, FDR was overwhelmingly elected for an unprecedented 3rd term

21. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
By 1940, England remained the only active opposition to Hitler but was running out of money
FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act:
US can sell or lend war supplies to Allied nations
Congress put $7 billion to allow England full access to US arms
US Cash and Carry Program X

22. Lend-Lease Supply Routes

23. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
England desperately needed help escorting these supplies through the u-boat infested Atlantic
FDR allowed for US patrols in the western half of the Atlantic
German attacks on US ships led to an undeclared naval war in 1941 & allowed US ships to fully deliver war supplies to Allies
US Cash and Carry Program X X

24. Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Speech January 1941
To Congress, State of the Union, focus on war preparedness
“…the future of all the American Republics is today in serious danger.
That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is unique in our history.
The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily-almost exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency.
Just as our national policy in internal affairs has been based upon a decent respect for the rights and the dignity of all our fellow men within our gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has been based on a decent respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, large and small. And the justice of morality must and will win in the end.

25. Four Freedoms
“The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way--everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want--which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear--which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”

26. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
In 1941, FDR & Churchill met to secretly draft the Atlantic Charter:
The U.S. & Britain discussed military strategy if America were to enter the war
They discussed post-war goals of liberty, free trade, & disarmament
Review Handout
In 1941, Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact & attacked Russia

27. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
FDR brought US to the brink of war & opened himself to criticism:
In Sept 1941, US polls showed 80% of Americans supported US neutrality in WW II
FDR had to wait for the Axis to make a decisive move…which Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941

28. European Appeasement
1938- Hitler invades Austria, Sudetenland on Czech border
Munich Conference (1938): Chamberlain and Daladier allow Hitler to do this (appeasement)
Chamberlain: “Peace in our time”
British rearmament

29. German “blitz” of Warsaw
War Erupts!!!
March Hitler breaks Munich agreement, invades rest of Czechoslovakia
August Hitler signs nonaggression pact with rival USSR, turns attention west
September 1, “blitzkrieg” invasion of Poland; Britain and France declare war on Germany
German “blitz” of Warsaw

30. Hitler’s Wild Ride in Europe While the U.S. Watches
World War II ( )
Hitler’s Wild Ride in Europe While the U.S. Watches

31. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
Hitler Moves in Europe
April Hitler seizes Norway, Denmark
May- Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
By June, Hitler controls France, turns attention to Britain
Fall Battle of Britain
London heavily bombed but Churchill remains defiant
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

32. The United States and Britain
1939- Roosevelt revises Neutrality Act, allows for arms trade
Public opinion divided
Election of FDR wins 3rd term
1940: Destroyers for Bases Deal
1941: Lend-Lease Act

33. “Destroyers for Bases”: called for 50 American destroyers to be exchanged for the use of 8 British naval bases along the North Atlantic coast
“Lend-lease”: made it possible to lend or lease supplies to any country whose interests were vital (GB)- $50 billion

34. The U.S. Enters the War
The “destroyers for bases” deal allowed the U.S. to extend its influence
August Atlantic Charter: Churchill and FDR agree to defend democracy, free trade and economic advancement
The U.S. destroyer Greer attacked in September 1941
US directly involved in naval warfare
USS Greer
Atlantic Charter

35. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
United States and Japan
Japan wanted to extend influence in Far East
July 1940: U.S. embargo of raw materials to Japan
1941: Lend-Lease aid to China
Anticipating attack in the Philippines
December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

36. Images of Pearl Harbor

37. FDR addresses Congress after Pearl Harbor attack
America Enters War
Pearl Harbor attack devastates nation
FDR: “A date which will live in infamy”
December 8, FDR receives war declaration from Congress against Japan
Germany, Italy declare war on United States
FDR addresses Congress after Pearl Harbor attack

38. Japanese Internment February, 1942: FDR issues Executive Order
Over 100,000 Japanese-Americans on West Coast moved to the interior
Japanese farms/businesses bought for far less value

39. Allied Military Strategy (1941-1945)
A.) Arsenal of Democracy

40. Mobilizing for War 1940- Economy focuses on military mobilization
Massive industrial output (twice as productive as Germany, 5 times Japan)
Primary focus: tanks, planes, battleships
War Production Board
Military draft, training
Wartime propaganda

41. Mobilizing for War (con’t)
Wars Power Act= set precedent for executive authority. President gained power to reorganize the federal government and create new agencies
(Handout)

42. Organizing the Economy
Outproduce enemies will gain victory within the war
1941: Government pouring vast amounts into defense productions.
6 Months after PH: allocations topped off at $100 billion for equipment and supplies
Factories pimped out for production (TOTAL WAR) pg. 896

43. New Workers (Pg. 897)
Mexicans (Bracero Program) 200,000 for short term employment (Farm workers)
Native Americans (Sioux and Navajo) build ordinance depots and military training centers
African Americans (Opportunities in all areas)
Women

44. Home Front 1941-1945 Dynamics of Families Internment of the Japanese
Double V Campaign for African Americans
Women and new gender role
Latino Americans (Zoot Suit Riots)
“The Good War”

45. Mural Activity
Essential Question:
How would you depict the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” effectiveness with the American Home Front?

46. The Liberation of Europe
FDR: Liberate Europe first and pursue an “active defense” in the Pacific
Battle of Atlantic: Hitler’s “Wolf Packs” vs. Allied Navies
Clear Germany from North Africa
Late 1942: Only Tunisia was controlled by Axis Powers
Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox”

47. Allied Advances in Europe (1943-1944)
January, 1943: Allies agree to fight until they win “unconditional surrender”
February 1943: SU takes back Stalingrad and moves westward
Same time, Allied victory in Tunisia secures Africa

48. Allied Advancements Cont…
July 10, 1943: The invasion of Italy.
Fighting continues from July 1943 to June 1944 (70,000 Allied troops killed)
Separate peace was signed with new Italian government in September, 1943

49. Unconditional Surrender in Europe (1944-1945)
Britain and U.S. air raid strategic sights in Germany (Flying Fortresses)
June 6, 1944: D-Day and the Allied invasion of Normandy
Battle at Normandy lasted from June 6-July 24
August 25, 1944: France liberated

50. Germany’s Last Gasp Effort
Hitler was caught between Allied troops coming from the West and Stalin’s forces coming from the East.
December 1944: Battle of the Bulge
April 25, 1945: Russia and Allied Forces meet at the Elbe River
May 8, 1945: Germany surrenders (V-E DAY)

51. YALTA CONFERENCE (February 1945)
Plans for German surrender
Stalin agrees to hold free elections and help with Japan
Broken promises, USSR’s position strengthened
Initiated Cold War
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

52. Allied Military Strategy in the Pacific (1941-1945)
By 1942, Japan had controlled almost the entire area of the Pacific
Allies were able to hold on to Hawaii and Samoa
“Active defense” campaign:
-Battle of the Coral Sea (May,1942)
-Battle of Midway (June, 1942)
-Battle of Guadalcanal (Aug Feb. 1943)

53. The Pacific Theatre Cont…
The Allies took control of several islands in the Pacific under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur
-Iwo Jima (1945)
-Okinawa (1945)
The recapture of the Philippines was the highlight (Oct March 1945)

54. “The Alternative to Surrender is Prompt and Utter Destruction”
August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima (at least 75,000 killed)
August 9, 1945: Atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki

55. World War II- The Homefront
American industry key to victory
Built tanks, bombs, guns, ships, ammunition, etc.
War bonds (borrowed $$$ from Americans) raised about $50 billion for war effort
Women “filling in” for men off at war
Victory Gardens
“Rosie the Riveter” inspired many women to contribute

56. Blacks in WWII WWII effort directly led to later civil rights movement
Patton’s “Black Panther” Battalion at Battle of the Bulge
Tuskegee Airmen
July, 1948: Truman signs Executive Order integrating US military

57. “The War is Over”
Japan surrenders to Allied Forces on the U.S. Missouri after the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki- August 14th– V-J Day

58. THE COSTS OF THE WAR U.S. lost over 300,000
World suffered at least 60 million
Over 25 million Russians alone died
Over 10 million in death camps
New fears arise after the war– fight to contain Communism– THE COLD WAR ERA!!