1. World War I
A war to end all wars…?

2. World War I- The Great War

3. Underlying Causes “MANIA”
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Anarchy (international)

4. Militarism: Glorification of War & Military
Build up of large reserve armies
Mobilization - organize resources for combat (triggers other nations mobilizing)
Naval Expansion - William II (GR) fires Bismarck and expands navy
wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful)
G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops new battleship - Dreadnought

5. Alliances Defense Agreements Among Nations
Three Emperors’ League: (1881) Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary - doesn’t last b/c of A-H rivalry with Russia in Balkans
Triple Alliance - (1882) Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary - attempt to isolate France
Triple Entente - (1907) France, Russia, G.B. Entente: Friendly understanding between nations

7. Nationalism Extreme Pride in One’s Nation or Desire to Form a Nation
French Nationalists sought revenge against Germany for loss of Alsace-Lorraine
Slavic Nationalism - Pan-Slavism: Unify all Slavic people under one empire

8. Imperialism domination of one country by another
Germany and France came close to war over control of Morocco
Germany wanted to create Berlin to Baghdad Railway - caused resentment among British and Russians
British feared interference with India and reduce traffic thru Suez Canal

9. Anarchy International Anarchy
Nations of Europe pursue policies without regard for the wishes of their neighbors
Crisis - No international organization to monitor

10. Immediate Causes of WWI
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of A-H (June 28, 1914) by Gavrilo Princip - member of Serbian nationalist group “Black Hand”

11. Why the Assassination?
Ferdinand planned to give Slavs of Bosnia-Herzegovina a voice in the gov’t equal to that of Austro-Hungarians
This threatened the movement for a separate Slavic state

12. What Happens Next? A-H hold Serbians responsible
A-H seeks assurance (backup) from Germany in event of war
Germany issues “Blank Check” to
A-H
William II gives full support to any actions A-H might take against Serbia

13. Tensions Build!!
A-H issues ultimatum (set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences) to Serbia
Demands that Serbia allow A-H officials into country to suppress all subversive movements & conduct investigation
Gives Serbia 48 hours to agree or face war
Serbia does not agree to all parts
A-H declares war on Serbia! (July 28, 1914)

14. The Tangled Web of War

15. Declarations of War Germany declares war on Russia (Aug 1, 1914)
Germany declares war on France (Aug 3, 1914)
Great Britain still hoped to remain neutral and not go to war, but…

16. Germany Invades Belgium!
Germany demands passage across Belgium to fight France (*Part of Schlieffen Plan)
British protest demand made by Germany upon neutral nation of Belgium
1839 Treaty signed by G.B., Russia, France & Germany guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality

17. Germany invades Belgium
G.B. demands they withdraw
Germany responds calling treaty,
“a scrap of paper”
G.B. declares war on Germany (Aug 4, 1914)

18. *The Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s invasion of Belgium was part of this plan
Germany had enemies to East & West & did not want to fight a war on both fronts at the same time
Believed Russia would be slow to mobilize and that they could fight & defeat France (W. Front) first in 6 weeks & then fight Russia on Eastern Front
THE RACE TO THE SEA!

20. French troops marched off shouting, “We’ll be home by Christmas”
Expectations
Both sides thought the war would be a quick ordeal…
Kaiser told his soldiers, “you’ll be home before the leaves have fallen from the trees.”
They underestimated the role industrialization would play in this war.
French troops marched off shouting, “We’ll be home by Christmas”

21. United states in the War
Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram

22. Life During the War

24. A picture of soldiers going
The British government wanted to encourage men to enlist for war.
They said the war would be safe, hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by Christmas.
They used advertising posters to encourage this idea!
A picture of soldiers going
‘Over the Top’

25. The reality of ‘going over the top’ was very different!

26. Soldiers were expected to carry all of their equipment with them at all times.
They were supposed to keep it clean and in good condition – they were British after all.

27. How the uniform and equipment changed after just three weeks in the trenches…

28. Posters always showed men ready and willing to fight.
They never showed the boredom of the trenches or actual fighting taking place.
Why do you think the government showed no fighting?
What hidden message is in this image?

30. No smiling and relaxed faces…
No clean uniforms…
Their equipment is scattered everywhere…
Boredom and sleep are obvious…

31. Mass Devastation

32. Freezing Winters

34. The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.
These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

35. WARNING, TRENCH FOOT NASTINESS ON THE NEXT SLIDE! 

36. Trench Foot

40. WWI Comes to an End

41. German Surrender
On the 11th Hour of the 11th Day of the 11th Month the war comes to an end (November 11, 1918), as Germany accepts an armistice.
Allies meet to discuss a treaty.

42. The Treaty of Versailles with Germany
The Big Four-all had different allied objectives

43. David Lloyd George-Great Britain
Prime minister who wanted to expand Britain's Colonial Empire, preserve its naval and industrial supremacy and make Germany pay for the war.

44. Georges Clemenceau French Premier
Wanted to ensure security against future German invasion
Weaken Germany by imposing military limitations, financial payments, and territorial losses.

45. Vittorio Orlando Premier of Italy
Sought to enlarge Italy's territory in Europe and expand its empire overseas

46. Woodrow Wilson President of the United States
Sought to provide a just and lasting peace and create a better world by implementing the Fourteen Points*

47. *Fourteen Points-Wilson’s Plan for a Lasting Peace
1. Open covenants (treaties) of peace openly arrived at.
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Removal of international trade barriers (such as tariffs).
4. Reduction of armaments
5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims with regard for the interests of native peoples

48. Fourteen Points Cont.
6-13. Adjustment of European boundaries in accordance with the principle of nationality, that is, the right of any national group to self-determination regarding its own government and independent state.
14. Establishment of a League of Nations to handle international disputes.
European nations approved of the 14 Points only sparingly because of their nations interests.

49. Treaty of Versailles
Of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, only a few were taken seriously.
One of them was the League of Nations,
What others were taken seriously?

50. Differing Views of the Treaty
Arguments Against: a harsh treaty that planted the seeds of WWII- The treaty transferred German-inhabited territory, seized all colonies of Germany, and compelled Germany to accept sole war guilt. It forced Germany to be unarmed while other nations remained armed, and it wounded German pride. By attacking the treaty the Nazi party gained support of the German people, achieved power, and brought on WWII.

51. Arguments For: A fair treaty that was not enforced
The treaty transferred German territory chiefly on the basis of nationality, assigned German colonies as League of Nations mandates with the objective of eventual disarmament, and provided a League of Nations. The treaty alone cannot be blamed for the German people’s support of Nazism. Furthermore, if the military provisions of the treaty had been enforced, Nazi Germany would not have been able to wage war

52. Results of WWI-Social
A. almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over 20 million soldiers were wounded
B. Millions of civilians died as a result of the hostilities, famine and disease.
C. The world was left aflame with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism.
D. debt and economic dislocation caused the depression of 1929.

53. Political A. The U.S. emerged as a leading world power
B. 3 major European powers dethroned- Germans, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
C. New national states arose…Poland and Czechoslovakia
D. League of Nations established to solve international problems
Many European nations turned to dictatorship because of economic and political discontent– Russia, Italy, Germany.

54. Economic
A. total cost of the war was 350 billion dollars. Led to heavy taxation of the people of Europe.
B. International trade suffered because of increased tariffs
C. Russia became communist, thus a new economic system was introduced

56. League of Nations

57. Destruction

58. Famine
Russia

59. unemployment

60. 1923 - German money so worthless they burn it to keep warm

61. Glamour
The Charleston

62. Louis Armstrong - Jazz

63. Silent movies

65. Picasso - cubism

66. Rise of fascism in Italy - Benito Mussolini

67. Dictators between the Wars
Stalin
Dictators between the Wars
Hitler
Mussolini

68. 1930’s World-Wide Depression

69. Unemployment& Food lines

70. “Walking over the League”

71. Hitler (Der Führer) & Nazis come to power in Germany

72. Nazi book burnings

73. Francisco Franco - fascist Spain

74. German annexation of Austria

75. Concentration Camps Established - Dachau

76. Chamberlain and Daladier

77. Sudetenland falls to Hitler

78. Anti-semitism

79. Kristallnacht -7500 businesses destroyed

80. Nazi - Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Molotov & Ribbentrop sign pact

81. The inevitable war Part I Axis Aggression
World War II
The inevitable war
Part I
Axis Aggression

82. 1) Invasion of Poland - German invasion of the Polish corridor finally led to a declaration of war by Britain & France
2) “phony War” - France & Britain stand by defensively while Germany conquers Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium……..

83. Invasion of Poland

84. Occupied Warsaw

85. 3) Dunkirk - French & British troops trapped by Germany’s rapid advance through France are evacuated to Britain

86. Blitzkrieg……...

87. Dunkirk after evacuation

88. France surrenders……
4) Vichy Regime - S. France which became a fascist collaborating “puppet government”
N. France occupied by Germany

89. Armistice signed in the same train car...

90. RAF successfully defended -
6) Battle of Britain - Germany began a massive bombing campaign to demoralize the British
RAF successfully defended -
radar!

91. British bomb shelter

92. America’s support role expands
7) Cash & carry - Allies could buy war goods from the US to transport in their own ships
Lend-Lease - Allies could buy war goods from US on credit in exchange for leases on military base

93. The Atlantic Charter - Churchill and Roosevelt agree on war aims…August 1941

94. 8) Germany invades Balkans - when Mussolini unsuccessfully invades Greece, Hitler has to divert attention to the Balkans to help
Germany takes Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria

95. 9) North Africa - Italians and Germans attack French & British holdings in North Africa

96. Operation Barbarossa
Invasion of the Soviet Union Hitler needs raw materials - oil & grain
Three pronged German attack: Leningrad Moscow Stalingrad
Stalin responds with scorched earth policy

97. Leningrad Moscow Stalingrad

98. Germans invade Russia (contradiction of previous treaty)

99. Japanese in Asia - Japan moves to take Dutch & French colonial holdings
US responds with trade embargo against Japan

100. Pearl Harbor - Japanese bombers attacked US Pacific fleet based in Hawaii
sank battleships…but aircraft carriers were not at port!

101. Destroyed US battleships...

102. BELLIGERENTS ……... Axis: Germany Italy Japan
Allies:
Great Britain
Soviet Union (Russia)
United States
govts in exile - “Free French”
The Axis Powers seem invincible!

103. World War II The Inevitable War
Part II
Allied Advance

104. Gradual gains for the allies
1. The Bismarck - “unsinkable” new German battleship
British sink it - ends German ability to dominate the Atlantic with surface ships

105. The Battleship Bismarck

106. 2. Battle of Stalingrad - prolonged German offensive
Russians hold city against unbelievable odds
Russian counteroffensive encircles entire German 6th army & forces its surrender
Begins Russian offensive

107. Trapped German 6th army

108. 3. German advance in North Africa……..

109. Erwin Rommel - the Desert Fox

110. Halted by British and American Tanks in North Africa…...

111. British General Bernard Montgomery “Monty”

112. British troops advance at 3. El Alamein

113. Germans & Italians surrender in North Africa

114. 4. Allied invasion of Italy
Allies launch invasion of Sicily from North Africa
Mussolini is denounced and arrested by Italian government
Italy announces declaration of war against Germany

115. Mussolini & mistress

116. 5. American Victories in the Pacific
Battle of Midway - Americans sink Japanese aircraft carriers
Americans begin “island leapfrogging”
Japanese “kamikazes” -

117. Battle of Midway

118. Kamikaze about to hit Intrepid

119. 6. D-Day June 6, 1944
American led Allied forces launch a surprise invasion of German-occupied France at Normandy

120. paratroopers

121. Germans expect landing at Calais

122. Transport ships ferried troops for the largest amphibious attack in history
high casualties

123. 7. Allied Drive from West

124. Allied paratroopers land in the Netherlands- largest ever

125. German counteroffensive in the Ardennes
The Battle of the Bulge

126. 8. Soviet Drive from East
Supported by industry beyond the Ural Mountains
Soviets Drive towards Berlin
The Soviets reach Berlin FIRST

127. 9. Yalta
Churchill Roosevelt Stalin

128. The Big Three agree that:
Germany would be divided.
Part of Poland would go to the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union would declare war on Japan two to three months after defeating Germany.

129. 10. V-E DAY Montgomery presides over German Surrender

130. Germans sign unconditional surrender
War in Europe is over! (May 8, 1945)

131. 11. Potsdam

132. New “Big Three” Stalin (still there)
Clement Attlee (replaced Churchill)
Harry Truman (replaced Roosevelt)

133. Now to focus on the Pacific!
At Potsdam, the Big Three finalized plans for administration of Europe
Germany & Berlin to be divided into four zones of occupation
administered by Big Three countries plus France
free elections to be held later for self -determination
Now to focus on the Pacific!

134. 12. Hiroshima/Nagasaki
Little Boy and Fat Man

135. Devastation Innocents

136. Nagasaki

137. 13. V-J Day
Soviet Union declares war on Japan day after Hiroshima bombing
Japanese won’t agree to unconditional surrender
2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki
unconditional surrender by the Japanese (Sept 2, 1945)

138. FEMINISM INTERNATIONAL ROLES CHANGE STATUS OF EQUALITY
Why?
STATUS OF EQUALITY
WORLDWIDE SUFFRAGE
NEW FEMINISM
NOW
Equality
Role Rejection

139. Definition of the Holocaust
Refers to the systematic murder of almost 6 million Jews by the Nazis.
Also included the murder of Gypsies, Homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, The Disabled, and other people.

140. Why did it happen? Traditional anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe.
Jews blamed for the betrayal and the death of Christ.
Blamed for the Bubonic Plague and other bad things.
This prejudice lead to the:
Forcing Jews to live in ghettos.
Forcing Jews to wear a yellow star for identification.
Violence being committed against Jews.

141. Why did it happen? The situation in Germany during the 1930s.
Great Depression leads to rise of Hitler.
Hitler and the Nazis EXTREMELY anti-Jewish.
Blame Jews for Germany’s lose in World War I and for the Great Depression. “Scapegoat.”
Laws passed in Germany to strip Jewish people of their Civil Rights (Nuremberg Laws).
Forced Jews into ghettos and wear the yellow Star of David.
Laws passed to strip disabled people of their rights. Forced sterilizations. Murder of sick children.

142. Why did it happen? World War II Role of ordinary men and women.
Leads to German conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe with large numbers of Jews.
Germans in control. With the help of locals, put the“Final Solution” put into effect.
Role of ordinary men and women.

143. In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me - and by that time no one was left to speak up.