1. The Protestant Reformation
Main Idea
Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
Essential Questions
What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400s?
How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
How did Protestantism spread to other areas?
What were the effects of the Reformation in England?

2. Catholicism in the 1400s
Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly
Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots
Concerns turned into the Protestant Reformation
Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality
People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened
Dissatisfaction
Pope approved sale of indulgences
Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory
Indulgences
Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed
Sale of indulgences widely criticized
People wanted a govt. separate from the church
Working Off Sins

3. What conditions led to the Protestant Reformation?
Summarize
What conditions led to the Protestant Reformation?
Answer(s): Church's financial corruption; immorality; abuse of power

4. The Ninety-Five Theses Stimulated Discussion
Martin Luther
Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful
In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin
Criticized power of pope, wealth of church
Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people
The Ninety-Five Theses
Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards
Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals
Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople
Desire for reform grew
Stimulated Discussion

5. Luther’s Message Empowered the People
Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate
Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed
1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope
Empowered the People
Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible
To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German
Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy

6. Reactions to Luther Church’s Response Will you change? Edict of Worms
1520, Pope expelled Luther from the Church
1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V
Will you change?
Luther appeared before emperor & assembly, at city of Worms
Refused to change opinions
Edict of Worms
Emperor handed down Edict of Worms
Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings
Luther’s ideas spread
Protestant
Tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany
German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this
Term Protestant came from this

7. Identify Supporting Details
Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day.
Answer(s): God's grace cannot be won by good works but by faith; leader of church is Jesus, not pope; people can interpret scripture; practices come from Bible; challenged Catholic practices and the authority of the pope

8. The Spread of Protestantism
Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others
Differing ideas on religious matters put forth.
New religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe.
Born in Switzerland, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s
Many ideas viewed as radical
His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired
Ulrich Zwingli
Luther accused Zwingli of tampering with word of God
Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics
Opposed by Luther
When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli died in battle.

9. John Calvin Background Predestination People Sinful by Nature
John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther
Supported reforms of Luther in Germany
Predestination
Preached doctrine of predestination
God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation
Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end
People Sinful by Nature
Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior
Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline
Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation

10. Other Reformers John Knox Anabaptists
Spokesman for the Reformation in Scotland
Knox’s Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic Church
Laid groundwork for later Presbyterian denomination
Anabaptists
Different beliefs about baptism; insisted only adults should be baptized (not infants)
Crime punishable by death at that time
Anabaptist Church evolved into Baptists, the Mennonites, and the Amish Mennonites

11. Make Generalizations
How did the ideas of reformers who came after Luther differ from those of Luther?
Answer(s): some were more radical; included ideas of theocracy, predestination

12. Protestantism Spreads to England
Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church
Reformation began with the king in England
1509, Henry VIII devout Catholic
Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas
By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
A King’s Protest
Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England
Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled
Pope would not agree to annulment
Annulment
Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment
Henry fell in love with Ann Boleyn
Opposition

13. The Reformation Parliament
Henry Takes Over
Parliament declared that England no longer under authority of pope
Henry became head of Church of England
Church of England
Henry changed rituals of church very little
Distributed much of land to nobles, built more support for split from Church
Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”
- Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
- Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth

14. Henry’s Heirs Bloody Mary Elizabeth’s Reign
Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI
1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9
Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians
Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England
Mary returned England to authority of pope
Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”
Half-sister Elizabeth became queen
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart
1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome
Elizabeth secured Church of England
Elizabeth’s Reign

16. What caused the Reformation to spread to England?
Summarize
What caused the Reformation to spread to England?
Answer(s): the desire of Henry VIII to annul his marriage