1. Early 19c Industrialization in America: The Market Revolution
Tuesday 2.02 & 2.03 TLWD comprehension of how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, & language AND
Analysis of the economic & social issues that led to sectionalism & nationalism

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What were the results of early 19c
industrialization
in America?

3. The
Transportation
Revolution

4. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

6. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

7. Erie Canal System

8. Erie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

9. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The Clermont

10. Principal Canals in 1840

11. Inland Freight Rates

12. Clipper Ships

13. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

14. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Immigrant labor built the No. RRs.
Slave labor built the So. RRs.

15. New
Inventions:
"Yankee Ingenuity"

16. Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything.
They were first copiers, then innovators.
1800  41 patents were approved.
1860  4,357 “ “ “

17. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

18. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

19. First prototype of the locomotive
Oliver Evans
First automated flour mill
First prototype of the locomotive

20. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

21. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

22. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

23. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

24. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

25. The “American Dream”
They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.
A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

26. The Northern
Industrial
"Juggernaut"

27. Boom/Bust Cycles:
The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

28. Distribution of Wealth
During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population.
1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth.
1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth.
The gap between rich and poor was widening!

29. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

30. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

31. Lowell in 1850

32. Lowell Mill

33. Early Textile Loom

34. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

35. New England Dominance in Textiles

36. Starting for Lowell

37. What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”

38. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

39. Lowell Mills Time Table

40. Antebellum American Art
#1: “IN NATURE’S WONDERLAND”  Thomas Dougherty, 1835
He was one of the earliest American artists to use small figures dwarfted by the landscape  denotes man’s place as part and parcel of nature * A surrender of the self in the face of God’s handiwork [an act of devotion]. The figure’s solitary state and absorption in the environment, with his back turned to us, reinforces the contemplative silence that surrounds him. He laid the groundwork for public acceptance of American landscape paintings as valuable and significant.

41. The Hudson River School:
#1: “IN NATURE’S WONDERLAND”  Thomas Dougherty, 1835
He was one of the earliest American artists to use small figures dwarfted by the landscape  denotes man’s place as part and parcel of nature * A surrender of the self in the face of God’s handiwork [an act of devotion]. The figure’s solitary state and absorption in the environment, with his back turned to us, reinforces the contemplative silence that surrounds him. He laid the groundwork for public acceptance of American landscape paintings as valuable and significant.

42. Background These artists captured the undiluted power of nature
Paint the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas [the new Garden of Eden].
Nature was the best source of wisdom & fulfillment.
They created visual embodiments of the ideals of the Transcendentalists * Painting is the vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind * Art is the agent of moral & spiritual transformation.
#1: “IN NATURE’S WONDERLAND”  Thomas Dougherty, 1835
He was one of the earliest American artists to use small figures dwarfted by the landscape  denotes man’s place as part and parcel of nature * A surrender of the self in the face of God’s handiwork [an act of devotion]. The figure’s solitary state and absorption in the environment, with his back turned to us, reinforces the contemplative silence that surrounds him. He laid the groundwork for public acceptance of American landscape paintings as valuable and significant.

43. Characteristics of the Hudson River School
A new art for a new land.
Paint grand, scenic vistas.
Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.
Experiment with affects of light on water and sky.
Symbol of the school  a broken tree stump
#1: “IN NATURE’S WONDERLAND”  Thomas Dougherty, 1835
He was one of the earliest American artists to use small figures dwarfted by the landscape  denotes man’s place as part and parcel of nature * A surrender of the self in the face of God’s handiwork [an act of devotion]. The figure’s solitary state and absorption in the environment, with his back turned to us, reinforces the contemplative silence that surrounds him. He laid the groundwork for public acceptance of American landscape paintings as valuable and significant.

44. Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists
Transcendentalist thinking.
Westward expansion.
American nationalism --> What is America? * Creation of a national mythology
Racism and Native Americans.
Concern for political extremism.
The price paid for progress and the advances of civilization.
#1: “IN NATURE’S WONDERLAND”  Thomas Dougherty, 1835
He was one of the earliest American artists to use small figures dwarfted by the landscape  denotes man’s place as part and parcel of nature * A surrender of the self in the face of God’s handiwork [an act of devotion]. The figure’s solitary state and absorption in the environment, with his back turned to us, reinforces the contemplative silence that surrounds him. He laid the groundwork for public acceptance of American landscape paintings as valuable and significant.

45. In Nature’s Wonderland Thomas Doughty, 1835
#2 - #3  THOMAS COLE
The “Father” of the HRS.
Nobody had painted “America” before these artists.
The Hudson Valley from the Catskills through the Adirondacks.
America as Arcadia [Eden].

46. Niagara Frederic Church, 1857
#4: “THE OXBOW”  Thomas Cole, The dramatic clouds over the wilderness to the left speak of the uncontrolled power of nature. Tension between wilderness and garden [savagery and civilization]. OXBOW  in the shape of a ? * Where is this headed?  reflected the debate among Americans * Would the wilderness disappear completely for the sake of civilization, or would the two exist in perpetual tension with each other?

47. View of the Catskills, Early Autumn Thomas Cole, 1837
#4: “THE OXBOW”  Thomas Cole, 1836
The dramatic clouds over the wilderness to the left speak of the uncontrolled power of nature. Tension between wilderness and garden [savagery and civilization]. OXBOW  in the shape of a ? * Where is this headed?  reflected the debate among Americans * Would the wilderness disappear completely for the sake of civilization, or would the two exist in perpetual tension with each other?

48. View from Mt. Holyoke: The Oxbow Thomas Cole, 1836
#6 - #10: COLE’S “THE COURSE OF EMPIRE” SERIES
Allegorical paintings on the rise and fall of civilizations.
A warning to America about the dangers of democracy, which he thought could so easily degenerate into mob rule in the hands of a demagogue, who in deifying the will of the people without curbing its fickle passions, would become a dictator, an Amer. Caesar [ANDREW JACKSON].
Was meant to be a visual analogy to Edward Gibbon’s Decline & Fall of the Ro. Emp.
Same setting  a natural harbor topped by a round rock.
1. Savage State  the primordial scene  a culture without monuments or records.
2. Arcadian/Pastoral State  architecture, technol. [longship], the arts have begun, BUT, Eden can’t last [agrarian simplicity of the early Ro. Rep.]
3. Consummation  populism has led to mob rule, dictatorship [here comes Caesar across the bridge in triumph!]
4. Destruction  bellicose little beasts have grown up; the imperial city has fallen!  sacked and pillaged by hordes of unspecified vandals.
5. Desolation  the cycle of history returns to its beginning [WILDERNESS!], with ruins  a single column representing the vanity of man!
BUT, a stork [symbol of birth/rebirth]  faint hint of regeneration.

49. The Course of Empire: The Savage State Thomas Cole, 1834

50. The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole, 1836

51. The Course of Empire: Consummation Thomas Cole, 1836

52. The Course of Empire: Destruction Thomas Cole, 1836

53. The Course of Empire: Desolation Thomas Cole, 1836
#11: “KINDRED SPIRITS”  ASHUR DURAND
He had a desire to create a harmony between man and nature.
# to contemplate or paint nature brought him closer to the divine and could inspire one to lead a moral life. A memorial to Cole, 5 yrs. His junior.
Cole, with his poet friend, William Cullen Bryant, discloses the meaning of nature to the writer.

54. Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849

55. Watercolors by John Audubon
#13: JOHN AUDUBON WATERCOLORS
“Ornithological” art as a branch of American illustration art.
His “Birds of America” series. He was not a scientist and had no formal training in natural history * but he was an excellent field naturalist. In order to illustrate the birds, he had to kill them in great numbers! * with no cameras then, in order to study birds up-close, you had to shoot them!
PARADOX OF EARLY 19c AMERICAS IN THE FACE OF NATURE: * he was a hunter in love with hunting, but with a respect, even love, for his prey.
Stanley Hawk
Barred Owl

56. The Luminists #15 - #17  THE LUMINISTS  mid-19c [2nd. Gener. HRS]
Their origins  in provincial marine painting, mainly in Boston. Boston merchants got rich from sea trade and wanted “portraits” of their ships painted in precise detail. Ships had an American spirit in them. Exquisite nuances of light and atmosphere. BINGHAM  the first significant Amer. painter to come out of the mid-West  the water looks like a pane of glass.

57. Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf Robert Salmon, 1833

58. The Constitution in Boston Harbor Fitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49

59. Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri George Caleb Bingham, 1845

60. The Classical Styles of Greece & Rome

61. Neo-Classical Architecture: U. S. Customs House, 1836

62. Jefferson Rotunda (Univ. of VA), 1819-26

63. The Capitol Rotunda

64. Patriotic
Art

65. The Landing of the Pilgrims Unknown Artist, 1830s
#23: “THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS”  UNKNOWN, 1840s
By mid-19c, Americans were obsessed with the idea of a half-empty continent. Their desire to revive the past grew stronger * historical societies were founded * biographies of national heroes were commissioned * pictures of the founding of the colonies and the Revolution were painted. The Landing of the Pilgrims was a favorite historical tableau of the times. In the Capitol rotunda.

66. Washington Crossing the Delaware Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851
#24: “WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE”  Leutze, 1851
Was known for his large, historic compositions. If there was anyone who would be relied on to produce a large, efficient, patriotic work whose meaning would be over no one’s head, it was him!

67. George Washington Horatio Greenough, 1841
To commemorate the centennial of Washington’s birth, When it arrived in the capitol in 1841 it attracted controversy * modeled after a classical Greek statue of Zeus * sight of a half-naked Washington was seen as offensive * some joked that Washington was desperately seeking for his clothes! The statue was relocated to the east lawn of the Capitol in 1843, on exhibit at the Patent Office several blocks to the north. In 1908 Greenough's statue finally came in from the cold: Congress transferred it to the Smithsonian. It remained at the Castle until 1964, when it was moved to the new Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History).

68. Our Banner in the Sky - Frederic Church, 1861
#26: “OUR BANNER IN THE SKY”  Church, 1861
A small oil, reproduced and circulated in the thousands of copies to Union soldiers and their families. The clouds form the stripes of Old Glory, and the tree becomes the flagpole # nature and God’s design have combined to bless the Union!!

69. The “Frontier” Artists

70. 1. The “Noble Savage” Image
Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees - Charles Bird King, 1821
#28: “YOUNG OMAHAW, WAR EAGLE, LITTLE MO, & PAWNEES” CHARLES BIRD KING, 1821
One kind of American whose description had always raided problems was the American Indian. His image was a faithful index of the way white society had thought about them at any given time. “The Noble Savage”  the Enlightenment view King painted Native Amers. For the newly formed Bureau of Indian Affairs *  140 portraits. They looked like busts from the Roman Republic  muscular frames, acquiline noses, a level gaze.
1. The “Noble Savage” Image

71. Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe - George Caitlin, 1832
#29: “BUFFALO BULL’S BACK FAT, HEAD CHIEF GEORGE CAITLIN, 1832
He devoted his life to depicting Native American Indians publication of his “North American Indian Portfolio.” He saw himself as a record-keeper rather than an artist ”Nothing short of the loss of my life shall prevent me from visiting their country and becoming their historian!”  he showed his “Indian Gallery” to viewers in Boston, NY, Phila., & Washin. [500 ptgs. & sketches]  a big hit!! “Americans consumed painted Indians as fast as they could wipe out real ones!!”
2. The “Stoic” Indian

72. Mato-Tope – Karl Bodmer, 1830s
#30: “MATO-TOPE”  KARL BODNER, 1830s He paid close attention to details in dress, ornament, facial painting, and weaponry. The “DEMONIC INDIAN  This became the symbol for all Indians by the 1840s.
3. The “Demonic” Indian

73. Osage Scalp Dance John Mix Stanley, 1845

74. Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847
From a cliff, an old chief, a younger man, and two women contemplate the ocean [Pacific], over which the sun is setting * the end of the line for the Native American * even the dog knows it!!
4. The “Doomed” Indian

75. Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization Thomas Crawford, 1857
A portend of the future??
#33: “DYING INDIAN CHIEF CONTEMPLATES THE PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION”  THOMAS CRAWFORD, 1857
An allegory of our history of the struggle between civilized man and the savage, between the cultivated and wild nature. This represented the official view of the fate of the American Indian in the mid-1850s!!

76. (European Romanticism)
Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”
“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

77. Transcendentalist Thinking
Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
The infinite benevolence of God.
The infinite benevolence of nature.
The divinity of man.
They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

78. (European Romanticism)
Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance!!
Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.

79. Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) “The American Scholar” (1837)
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Henry David
Thoreau
Nature (1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden (1854)
“The American Scholar” (1837)
R3-1/3/4/5

80. The Transcendentalist Agenda
Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.

81. A Transcendentalist Critic: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of human nature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance
One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables