1. CH250 Intermediate Analysis – Part 1
Materials & Nanotechnology
Dr Raymond Whitby
C407

2. Overview
Defining nano
Formation of nanocarbon
Viewing the nanoscale; direct analysis
Indirect analysis of the nanoscale
Adsorption experiment

3. 1. Defining nano
© iPod Nano
© Tata Nano

4. Nanoscale
50nm
2nm
Ommatidia
Lens
© Google images

5. The Royal Society
“We define (the nanoscale) to be from 100nm down to the size of atoms (approximately 0.2nm) because it is at this scale that the properties of materials can be very different from those at a larger scale”

6. Geometry
Nanomaterials are materials that have a structural component smaller than 100 nanometers (nm) in at least one dimension x y z
100nm

7. Componentry
At present there is no clear differentiation between nanomaterials and molecules, therefore, traditional chemistry can be viewed as a form of nanoscience.
Deciding factors? Stability, chemical reactivity or inertness, solubility, inorganic materials?
Single polymer
strand
atom
cluster / particle
benzene

8. Importance of nano (1)
Two main reasons cause nanomaterial properties to significantly change from their bulk scale equivalents, those being an increase in the relative surface area and quantum effects. These can led to dramatic changes or enhancement of their fundamental properties such as material strength, electrical or thermal characteristics and heightened (bio)chemical reactivity.
30nm = 5% of atoms on surface
10nm = 20% of atoms on surface
3nm = 50% of atoms on surface
N.B. not to scale!

9. Effects of gold on the nanoscale
A model relating gold nanoparticle size and melting temperature for VLS grown silicon nanowire
© Yanfeng, et al., Journal of Semiconductors, Vol. 31, No. 1 January 2010

10. Importance of nano (2)
As matter is reduced in size, quantum effects can become the dominant factor of a material’s properties. This is particularly evident when approaching the smaller end of the nanoscale.
“The harmonic oscillator and the systems it models have a single degree of freedom. More complicated systems have more degrees of freedom, for example two masses and three springs (each mass being attached to fixed points and to each other). In such cases, the behavior of each variable influences that of the others. This leads to a coupling of the oscillations of the individual degrees of freedom. For example, two pendulum clocks (of identical frequency) mounted on a common wall will tend to synchronise. This phenomenon was first observed by Christaan Huygens in 1665.” Wikipedia

11. Quantum confinements in dots
CdSe quantum dots
“quantum dots are semiconductors whose conducting characteristics are closely related to the size and shape of the individual crystal. Generally, the smaller the size of the crystal, the larger the band gap, the greater the difference in energy between the highest valence band and the lowest conduction band becomes, therefore more energy is needed to excite the dot, and concurrently, more energy is released when the crystal returns to its resting state”
© Benoit Dubertret 2004 & Wikipedia on Quantum dots

12. Allotropes of carbon
Coal
Diamond
Graphite
© Google images

13. Nanocarbons 1985 to 1992 1nm C60 – Buckminster fullerene
Single-walled carbon nanotube
Multi-walled carbon nanotube
© Google images

14. A reflection on size

15. Nanocarbon gallery
© Google images

16. Bio-molecule immobilisation
Delocalised attraction of modified pyrene
© H. Dai , JACS, 2001, 123 (16), pp 3838–3839

17. Bio-molecule cross-linking
Ferritin covalently coupled to MWCNTs
© Huang, et al., Nano Letters, 2002, 2 (4), pp 311–314

18. Cancer treatment
Carbon nanotube-enhanced thermal destruction of cancer cells in a noninvasive radiofrequency field
© Gannon, et al., Cancer Dec 15;110(12):

19. Enzymatic activity enhancement
Candida rugosa Lipases (CRL) in hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylpalmitate
Enhancement of lipase activity in non-aqueous media upon immobilization on multi-walled carbon nanotubes
© Shah, et al., Chem Cent J. 2007; 1: 30

20. DNA sensor
© M.

21. Magnetic manipulation
© Prof. Toru Maekawa, Toyo University, Japan

22. Nanocontact Manipulation©

23. Carbon nanotube circuitry
Carbon nanotube advantages:
Small diameter
High aspect ratio
Highly conductive along axis
High mechanical strength
High thermal conductivity
© M.

24. Carbon nanotube reinforcement
© Easton-Bell Sports and

25. Commercial products
“the addition of Zyvex’s NanoSolve™ Materials to (Easton’s Stealth CNT) baseball bats strengthens composite structures to provide improved handle designs with optimized flex, responsiveness, and more ‘kick’...”
© Easton-Bell Sports

26. © Easton-Bell Sports

27. Bone replacement material
Multiwall carbon nanotubes enhance the fatigue performance of physiologically maintained methyl methacrylate–styrene copolymer
© Marrs, et al., Carbon, 2007, vol. 45, no10, pp

28. Advanced uses
Carbon nanofibres

29. Advanced uses
Carbon nanofibres

30. Strengthening the future©

31. Questions on nano
What is the definition of the nanoscale? What about nanomaterials?
Describe the differences between atoms and nanomaterials?
What is the difference between nanoscience and nanotechnology?
Which area of science is the best to invest in for nanotechnology enhancement?

32. All material under copyright was scanned under a CLA licence