2. What are the main characteristics of a CBD?
How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in the next four slides?

4. What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?
The Tallest Buildings Why?
Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall
Busy – lots of pedestrians
Markets

5. What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?
Purpose built shopping centres providing undercover shopping experience
Big Department Stores and National Chain Stores – why?

6. What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?
Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall
Some of the oldest buildings
Very accessible – public transport & traffic management required due to congestion.
Historic/ old street pattern – often some narrow streets

7. What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?
Entertainment – e.g. restaurants
Entertainment e.g. pubs
Entertainment e.g. cinemas (although increasingly these are moving further out of town)

8. Urban land use: Zone 1 CBD = Central Business District
The CBD is at the heart of a town or city and usually has great accessibility, large shopping and banking areas, and government buildings

9. Characteristics of a CBD
Traffic Restrictions e.g. pedestrian areas (like Commercial Rd)
Old Core - often narrow streets / historical core (e.g. Old Portsmouth)
Little/ No Residential because so expensive, maybe some flats above shops
Land has very high value - due to lack of space and competition for land
Historical buildings (e.g. museums, castles, etc.)
Characteristics
of a CBD
Many National Chain stores (attract larger numbers of customers + can afford the high land cost/rent - e.g. M&S; WHS; Topshop
Government buildings (e.g. councils)
Many have covered shopping centres (e.g. Cascades)
-Very Accessible - major rail and road routes (often find public transport stations meet here - e.g. railway stations / bus stations)
Banks, building societies, Estate Agents – where they can receive more customers
Entertainment - restaurants, clubs, etc

10. Also known as the Twilight or Transition Zone
THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2)
Also known as the Twilight or Transition Zone

11. Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model – THE INNER CITY
Typical style of housing in the Inner City
Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area

13. When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up?
Developed during the 19th century – due to rapid expansion of industry (led to the demand for workers)
As more moved to the cities – there was a demand for low cost houses for the workers
This resulted in high-density cheap housing (fitting as many houses as possible in a small area
People had to live close to work due to lack of transport

14. What types of land-use are found in Inner City areas?
Industry – large factories built during the industrial revolution (now some knocked down / converted)
19th Century Terraced Housing
Canals and Railways
Main Roads (often now ring roads taking traffic out of CBDs)

15. Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas
High Density Housing
Mainly terraced (some back to back)
Built in Long Straight Rows
Front doors opening onto the street
Few Amenities (little or no sanitation (often built with toilet in Back Yard
Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older people and unemployed (lower income groups)
Mainly private / rented

16. Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s)
1. Industrial Decline (see other notes)
6. Overcrowding
2. High unemployment
7. Lack of Open Space
3. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore and led to vandalism
8. Lack of Parking Spaces
9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories / traffic)
4. High Crime Rates
10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)
5. Poor Quality Housing

17. Zone 2: Inner City
What is the Inner City? The Inner City is the land-use zone around the city centre, it is also known as the twilight zone or zone of transition. When did the Inner City grow up? Inner city areas grew up in the 19th century as towns increased rapidly due to the Industrial Revolution. This led to the growth of factories and low-cost terraced housing around what is now the city centre.

18. Characteristics of the Inner City
Social Problems - high crime rates, above average concentrations of low-income citizens
High density 19th Century housing and manufacturing.
Housing is usually linear, back to back and terraced
This area tends to be run down unless housing has been redeveloped
crowded areas with little open space
Characteristics of
the Inner City
Front doors open straight on to the pavement No front or back gardens (just a small back yard)
factories providing employment for residents
Land values are lower than those in the CBD. However, they still remain high. Houses are cheaper to buy / rent
Population density in the inner city is very high as houses have been squeezed in.

20. INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS
Reasons for Suburban Growth
Reasons for Suburban Growth
INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS
Reasons for Growth of the Suburbs
Better public transport and increased car ownership meant people could separate work from where they live.
2. Building societies provided mortgages making it easier to buy homes
3. People were better off and looking for a better living environment.

21. RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
This has lead to conflict due to different land-uses wanting to locate here (see diagram for examples)

22. Land use in cities
Land use zones.

23. On paper, sketch the diagram + label the 5 zones from memory.
Recap Qs
On paper, sketch the diagram + label the 5 zones from memory.
Outer Suburbs
Inner City/ Twilight Zone
Industrial Zone
CBD
Inner Suburbs

24. Recap Qs Which is the oldest part of the city?
What does ‘CBD’ stand for?
In which zone would you expect to find small terraced housing?
Why are there not many detached houses with drives near the CBD?

25. 6. Semi-detached houses with gardens
11. Lots of public transport links
10. Parks and open spaces
18. Modern out-of -town shopping centres
16. Terraced housing
17. Some garages
9. High-rise flats may now replace some run-down areas
5. Shops and Offices
13. Tall high density buildings
1. Leisure and entertainment facilities
15. Land is cheaper
14. Cheapest housing
19. High-value land
3. Very few driveways
2. Large detached houses with garages
8. Grew in response to increased car ownership
12. Oldest
4. Most expensive houses
20. Industry + factories
7. Newest
Match up to fit the 5 zones. Cut and stick in to books.

26. Match it up! Colour code the statements to fit the 5 categories:
CBD – Inner City/Twilight Zone – Industrial Zone – Inner Suburbs – Outer Suburbs
Remember to use a key

27. 6. Semi-detached houses with gardens
11. Lots of public transport links
10. Parks and open spaces
18. Modern out-of -town shopping centres
16. Terraced housing
17. Some garages
9. High-rise flats may now replace some run-down areas
5. Shops and Offices
13. Tall high density buildings
1. Leisure and entertainment facilities
15. Land is cheaper
14. Cheapest housing
19. High-value land
3. Very few driveways
2. Large detached houses with garages
8. Grew in response to increased car ownership
12. Oldest
4. Most expensive houses
20. Industry
7. Newest
1. Leisure and entertainment facilities
2. Large detached houses with garages
3. Very few driveways
4. Most expensive houses
5. Shops and Offices
6. Semi-detached houses with gardens
7. Newest
8. Grew in response to increased car ownership
9. High-rise flats may now replace some run-down areas
10. Parks and open spaces
11. Lots of public transport links
12. Oldest
13. Tall high density buildings
14. Cheapest housing
15. Land is cheaper
16. Terraced housing
Match up to fit the 5 zones. Cut and stick in to books.
17. Some garages
18. Modern out-of -town shopping centres
19. High-value land
20. Industry + factories