1. Connection
Connect your learning to the content of the lesson
Share the process by which the learning will actually take place
Explore the outcomes of the learning, emphasising why this will be beneficial for the learner
Demonstration
Use formative feedback – Assessment for Learning
Vary the groupings within the classroom for the purpose of learning – individual; pair; group/team; friendship; teacher selected; single sex; mixed sex
Offer different ways for the students to demonstrate their understanding
Allow the students to “show off” their learning
Consolidation
Structure active reflection on the lesson content and the process of learning
Seek transfer between “subjects”
Review the learning from this lesson and preview the learning for the next
Promote ways in which the students will remember
A “news broadcast” approach to learning
Activation
Construct problem-solving challenges for the students
Use a multi-sensory approach – VAK
Promote a language of learning to enable the students to talk about their progress or obstacles to it
Learning as an active process, so the students aren’t passive receptors

3. “C1.4 Crude Oil & Fuels”
Ks3 Science
Mr Powell 2012

4. Suggested ideas for practical work to develop skills and understanding include the following:
■ demonstration of fractional distillation of crude oil using CLEAPSS mixture (take care to avoid confusion with
the continuous process in a fractionating column)
■ design an investigation on viscosity, ease of ignition or sootiness of flame of oils or fuels
■ comparison of the energy content of different fuels, for example by heating a fixed volume of water
■ demonstration of the production of solid particles by incomplete combustion using a Bunsen burner yellow
flame or a candle flame to heat a boiling tube of cold water
■ collecting and testing the products of combustion of candle wax and methane
■ demonstration of burning sulfur or coal in oxygen and then testing the pH of the gas produced
■ design an investigation on growing cress from seeds in various concentrations of sodium metabisulfite solution
to show how acid rain affects plants.

5. Suggested ideas for practical work to develop skills and understanding include the following:
■ demonstration of fractional distillation of crude oil using CLEAPSS mixture (take care to avoid confusion with
the continuous process in a fractionating column)
■ design an investigation on viscosity, ease of ignition or sootiness of flame of oils or fuels
■ comparison of the energy content of different fuels, for example by heating a fixed volume of water
■ demonstration of the production of solid particles by incomplete combustion using a Bunsen burner yellow
flame or a candle flame to heat a boiling tube of cold water
■ collecting and testing the products of combustion of candle wax and methane
■ demonstration of burning sulfur or coal in oxygen and then testing the pH of the gas produced
■ design an investigation on growing cress from seeds in various concentrations of sodium metabisulfite solution
to show how acid rain affects plants.

6. Suggested ideas for practical work to develop skills and understanding include the following:
■ demonstration of fractional distillation of crude oil using CLEAPSS mixture (take care to avoid confusion with
the continuous process in a fractionating column)
■ design an investigation on viscosity, ease of ignition or sootiness of flame of oils or fuels
■ comparison of the energy content of different fuels, for example by heating a fixed volume of water
■ demonstration of the production of solid particles by incomplete combustion using a Bunsen burner yellow
flame or a candle flame to heat a boiling tube of cold water
■ collecting and testing the products of combustion of candle wax and methane
■ demonstration of burning sulfur or coal in oxygen and then testing the pH of the gas produced
■ design an investigation on growing cress from seeds in various concentrations of sodium metabisulfite solution
to show how acid rain affects plants.

7. Suggested ideas for practical work to develop skills and understanding include the following:
■ demonstration of fractional distillation of crude oil using CLEAPSS mixture (take care to avoid confusion with
the continuous process in a fractionating column)
■ design an investigation on viscosity, ease of ignition or sootiness of flame of oils or fuels
■ comparison of the energy content of different fuels, for example by heating a fixed volume of water
■ demonstration of the production of solid particles by incomplete combustion using a Bunsen burner yellow
flame or a candle flame to heat a boiling tube of cold water
■ collecting and testing the products of combustion of candle wax and methane
■ demonstration of burning sulfur or coal in oxygen and then testing the pH of the gas produced
■ design an investigation on growing cress from seeds in various concentrations of sodium metabisulfite solution
to show how acid rain affects plants.

8. Suggested ideas for practical work to develop skills and understanding include the following:
■ demonstration of fractional distillation of crude oil using CLEAPSS mixture (take care to avoid confusion with
the continuous process in a fractionating column)
■ design an investigation on viscosity, ease of ignition or sootiness of flame of oils or fuels
■ comparison of the energy content of different fuels, for example by heating a fixed volume of water
■ demonstration of the production of solid particles by incomplete combustion using a Bunsen burner yellow
flame or a candle flame to heat a boiling tube of cold water
■ collecting and testing the products of combustion of candle wax and methane
■ demonstration of burning sulfur or coal in oxygen and then testing the pH of the gas produced
■ design an investigation on growing cress from seeds in various concentrations of sodium metabisulfite solution
to show how acid rain affects plants.

9. Which word links all of these images...

10. C1.4.1 Crude Oil
a) Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number
of compounds.
b) A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation.
c) Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only (hydrocarbons). Most of these are saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which have the general formula CnH2n+2.
CnH2n+2

11. D Hydrocarbon - Alkanes
The hydrocarbon molecules which we find in oil are formed when tiny sea creatures die and are compressed after millions of years of pressure under the sea. The compounds contain hydrogen and carbon. (not water!)
The formula is always fixed with 4 hydrogen to the first carbon then the chains lose one each time you add on a carbon atom.
The shorter the chain the better they burn.
They follow the generic formulae
What is a hydrocarbon
Give an example of a hydrocarbon
Draw out the structure of a hydrocarbon which has 12 hydrogen atoms. D

12. M E-F C/D TASKS What is Crude Oil.
Watch the demonstration of distillation then label up your diagram
Then write a paragraph about the process we call “distillation” and its purpose.
What is Crude Oil.
Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds. A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically joined together.
The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged.
This makes it possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation.
E-F
C/D
Liebig Condenser, Distillate, Crude oil, Thermometer, water in, Bunsen Burner, water out,

13. Match them up....
C/D

14. C1.4.1 Crude Oil
a) Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number
of compounds.
b) A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation.
c) Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only (hydrocarbons). Most of these are saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which have the general formula
CnH2n+2
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
a) Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number
of compounds.
b) A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation.
c) Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only (hydrocarbons). Most of these are saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which have the general formula
CnH2n+2
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
a) Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number
of compounds.
b) A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation.
c) Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only (hydrocarbons). Most of these are saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which have the general formula
CnH2n+2
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
a) Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number
of compounds.
b) A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation.
c) Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only (hydrocarbons). Most of these are saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which have the general formula
CnH2n+2

15. C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the
following forms:
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is fractional distillation.
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.

16. a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the following forms
TASK: Can you check this formulae works for butane and write down why that is?
C/D

17. Fractions with low boiling points condense at the top
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is fractional distillation.
Fractions with low boiling points condense at the top
Fractions with high boiling points condense at the bottom

18. More on Fractionating columns
TASK: On your diagram label the missing features, then write a paragraph to explain what the process is designed to do.
D/E

19. Longer chains mean… Less ability to flow Less flammable Less volatile
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.
Increasing length
Longer chains mean…
Less ability to flow
Less flammable
Less volatile
Higher boiling point C H
Ethane
Butane C H

20. D
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.
Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels. One example is boiling point but there are others too...
TASK: Look at the pictures and write down a definition for each term in the image. Define what they mean like you were compiling a dictionary. E

21. Alkanes Boiling Point Graph…

22. C1.4.1 Crude Oil – Fractional Distillation
Fill in the gaps then explain the key concept of “Fractional Distillation”....

23. C1.4.1 Crude Oil - Alkanes Structural Chemical Number of Name formula
Structural
Chemical
Number of
Name
formula
formula, CnH(2n+2)
atoms
METHANE
CH4
1 C and 4 H
ETHANE
2 C and 6 H P
C-C-C B
4 C and 10 H
PENT
C5H12
HEX
C-C-C-C-C-C
HEPT C7
OCT
8 C
NON C9
DEC
H22
1) From what you have learned, try and explain the generic formulae for an “Alkane”...
2) Now explain what four properties of an Alkane change when the chains get longer.... 1) 2) 3) 4)

24. What is the idea of this triangle?

25. C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the
following forms:
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is fractional distillation.
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the
following forms:
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is fractional distillation.
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the
following forms:
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is fractional distillation.
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the
following forms:
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is fractional distillation.
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.

26. C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy. During combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon dioxide causes global warming, and solid particles cause global dimming.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for example in power stations.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from plant material. There are economic, ethical and environmental issues surrounding their use.

27. a) Products of Combustion DEMO
We can test what the products of combustion with this experiment.
Can you guess what gas is given off?
What collects in the U tube?
Label your copy of the diagram.
To water
pump
Small
Busen flame
Ice Bath
Lime
water
Methane

28. Propane + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + waterM
a) More on Combustion.
Most fuels contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulphur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), and sulphur dioxide. Particles may also be released. For example. When Propane burns we can write;
Propane + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + water
C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
TASK: On your sheet can you fill in the blanks and also make sure the equation is balanced properly.
C/D

29. c) Pollution....
Note down what the reactions are in your book
What are 3 problems caused by burning fuels?
How can these problems be reduced?
Why is reducing them important?

30. Sulphur?
Sulphur is an element found in many fossil fuels.
When we burn fossil fuels we find that the sulphur is released in the process and forms a compound.
TASK
Watch the two videos then think about an idea for an equation for burning sulphur in oxygen......

31. Can you say what the products are...

32. M
C1 1.4 Cleaner Fuels
When we burn hydrocarbons as well as producing carbon dioxide and water we also produce other compounds which are not good for the environment and can affect our health. The pollution spreads all around the atmosphere and causes many issues. Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain, carbon dioxide causes global warming, and particles cause global dimming.
Sulphur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulphur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for example in power stations.
Carbon dioxide can be reduced by lowering our use of cars and hydrocarbon fuelled engines. In the media there is a lot of talk about our “Carbon Footprint” or how much CO2 we emit by being on the planet.
Name two different compounds produced when you burn fuels?
Write a short paragraph about each compound and its problems?
Imagine you are a film star and you need to issue a press statement about how you are reducing your “Carbon Footprint”. What could you say....

33. Revision – Burning FuelsP
Revision – Burning Fuels
Element in Fuel
Waste product Released
Effect of Waste Product
CO, CO2
Hydrogen
Element in Fuel
Waste product Released
Effect of Waste Product
Carbon
CO, CO2
Causes global warming, particles cause global dimming
Hydrogen
H2O (vapour)
None
Sulphur
SO2
Causes Acid Rain
Causes Acid Rain
Sulphur
SO2
H2O (vapour)
Carbon
Causes global warming, particles cause global dimming
None

34. V Homework - C1 4.4 Cleaner Fuels p69/ C4.5 Alternate Fuels p70
Explain the advantages of biodiesel...
What does the graph tell us about people with no car or van?
What does the graph tell us about people with two cars or vans?
Roughly what % of people are in each category in 2002?
Can you think of any reasons why there has been such a change in our society?
What impact would you expect by looking at the graph of overall car numbers. V
Explain the disadvantages of biodiesel...
Describe what a biodiesel is...
(basic)
(harder)

35. M
Analysis of Data
What does the graph tell us about people with no car or van?
What does the graph tell us about people with two cars or vans?
Roughly what % of people are in each category in 2002?
Can you think of any reasons why there has been such a change in our society?
What impact would you expect by looking at the graph of overall car numbers.

36. C3H8 + -> + C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
Complete the reactions below. Then comment on the three main environmental issues when you burn fuels like these and explain two ideas to prevent sulfur escaping into he atmosphere. 1) 2) 3)
Most fuels contain and/or and may also contain some The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include , (vapour), and dioxide. Particles may also be released. For example. When Propane burns we can write;
Propane >
C3H >

37. C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy. During combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon dioxide causes global warming, and solid particles cause global dimming.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for example in power stations.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from plant material. There are economic, ethical and environmental issues surrounding their use.
C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy. During combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon dioxide causes global warming, and solid particles cause global dimming.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for example in power stations.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from plant material. There are economic, ethical and environmental issues surrounding their use.
C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy. During combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon dioxide causes global warming, and solid particles cause global dimming.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for example in power stations.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from plant material. There are economic, ethical and environmental issues surrounding their use.