1. The Roots of the Rules Governing the Office of President of the United States

2. The Royal Governor
Executive branch and the Articles of Confederation

3. Qualifications and Terms
Fear of “constitutional monarch”
Term limit under Article II
22nd Amendment
Office of V.P.

4. Impeachment
Only president to resign
Executive privilege
U.S. v Nixon (1974)

5. Rules of Succession First president to die in office
First president to be assassinated
Constitutional line of succession
Presidential Succession Act of 1947
Twenty-fifth Amendment

6. Gerald R. Ford
Spiro T. Agnew
Nelson A. Rockefeller
President can voluntarily relinquish power (example)

7. The Constitutional Powers of The President

8. The Appointment Power Article II First sentence of Article II
Appointment of ambassadors, federal judges, executive positions
Cabinet

9. Power to Convene Congress
The State of the Union
Power to convene Congress only symbolic significance now (why?)

10. Power to Make Treaties Advise and consent of the Senate
Historically, Senate ratified about this percentage of treaties submitted to it by the president
Woodrow Wilson, Treaty of Versailles, and League of Nations

11. Jimmy Carter and Panama Canal Treaty
“fast track” authority
Executive agreement

12. Veto Power Veto power Madison’s argument in Constitutional Convention
Congressional override
Line-item veto

13. 1996 bill giving president line-item veto
Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

14. Power to Preside over Military as Commander in Chief
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Pentagon Papers
The War Powers Act of 1973

15. Pardoning Power
Pardon
Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon

16. The Development and Expansion of Presidential Power

17. Limits on presidential powers
Factors influencing a president’s use of his powers
Which president historians rank as best because of leadership

18. Washington, Adams, Jefferson: Establishing President’s Authority
Precedents set by presidency of George Washington 1) 2) 3) 4)

19. Inherent Powers
Contributions of John Adams
Contributions of Thomas Jefferson
Louisiana Purchase of 1803

20. 1804-1933: Incremental Expansion of Presidential Powers
Balance of power weighed heavily in favor of Congress
Use of presidential power by most presidents from Jefferson to Franklin D. Roosevelt

21. Jacksonian democracy
Lincoln’s “questionable acts”

22. FDR and the Growth of the Modern Presidency
Before mass electronic communications, Congress closer to the people
Public concern over governmental reaction to crisis

23. Four terms of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Great Depression
New Deal
FDR’s “Fireside Chats”
FDR personalized the presidency
Modern presidency

24. The Presidential Establishment

25. The Vice President John Adams on the vice presidency John Nance Garner
Dick Cheney
Walter Mondale

26. The Cabinet Cabinet No provision for Cabinet in Constitution
Cabinet Departments
Most recently created Cabinet office

27. The First Lady First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton Abigail Adams
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson
Eleanor Roosevelt

28. Roselyn Carter
Laura Bush

29. The Executive Office of the President (EOP)
National Security Council (NSC)
Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives

30. The White House Staff Personal assistants to the president
Size and growth of president’s White House staff
Executive Office Building
Importance of proximity to Oval Office

31. The President as Policy maker

32. The President’s Role in Proposing and Facilitation Legislation
FDR claims leadership role for presidency in the legislative process
The President’s Role in Proposing and Facilitation Legislation
Contract with America and presumed reassertion of congressional power

33. President’s most important power (in addition to the support of the public)
Divided government
Honeymoon period and its importance
patronage

34. Tip O’Neill and the Carter White House
President’s use of political party loyalty

35. The Budgetary Process and Legislative Implementation
Importance of budget process for the president
FDR and the Bureau of the Budget (1939)
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

36. Policy-Making Through Regulation
Executive order
Truman ended segregation in the military
LBJ institutionalized affirmative action as a national policy

37. President Bush evisceration of the Presidential Records Act

38. Presidential Leadership and the Importance of Public Opinion

39. Presidential Leadership
Examples of how “great crises make great presidents”
FDR-The Depression
Lincoln-The Civil War
Bush- 9/11
Significance of a president’s ability to grasp the importance of leadership style Lincoln and FDR understood that the presidency was a seat of power from which decisions could flow to shape the national destiny

40. Going Public: Mobilizing Public Opinion
Bully pulpit-using the presidency as a stage to alter public opinion
“going public”-going over the heads of Congress to the people to gain their support on an issue
Bill Clinton’s effective use of the media as candidate and president-spoke to public over 500 times per year through non-traditional venues such as talk shows and prime time news magazines

41. The Public’s Perception of Presidential Performance
Cyclical pattern of presidential popularity-president gets high ratings at beginning of term and low ratings at end
Bill Clinton ended presidency with higher approval rating than any president in recent history because of admissions of guilt and impeachment trial

42. George W. Bush “rallying” point due to foreign events reflects common effect due to international events

43. The Executive Branch
Chapter 9

44. Bureaucracy an agency or department that help the president do his job

45. Characteristics of model bureaucracies
1 a chain of command
2 a division of labor
3 clear lines of authority
4 goal orientation that determines rules
5 Impersonal application of rules
6 Productivity evaluated by rules

46. The number of civilian employees directly employed in the executive branch -1.8 million employees

47. The number of military employees in the Department of Defense 2 million
The number of employees of the Postal Service 800,000 ( but less than Wal-Mart )

48. The three executive branch departments under George Washington Foreign Affairs, War and Treasury
Spoils system- winners get the “goodies”

49. The Civil War and the Growth of Government
Pension Office- organized to pay benefits to Civil War veterans
Patronage- rewarding supporters with government jobs

50. From Spoils System to the Merit System
Pendleton Act- changed spoils system to the merit system
Civil service system- program bestowing benefits to government employees
Merit system- system based on what you know and not who you know

51. Regulating Economy and Growth of Government in the 20th Century
Interstate Commerce Commission created to oversee trade between states
Independent regulatory commissions an agency outside a major executive deapartment

52. Sixteenth Amendment established the income tax to help pay for new government regulatory powers

53. Government Workers and Political Involvement
Hatch Act outlawed political participation by federal employees
Federal Employees Political Activities Act of overturned Hatch Act to an extent that donations could be made and fed employees could run for non-partisan offices

54. The Modern Bureaucracy

55. Ways in which the national government differs from private business government exists for public good, not to make $ and does not have profit motive. Govt gets its $ from taxpayers, not customers and often does not always know to whom they are responsible
How public sector employees view risks and rewards- don’t make mistakes

56. Who Are Bureaucrats?
Federal bureaucrats career government employees who work for national government
General Schedule (GS) ladder that determines pay of bureaucrats
Competitive examinations tests that determine promotion

57. Types of federal government jobs
policy making appointees
independent commissioners
low level patronage positions
Graying of the federal workforce 2/3rds eligible for retirement today
Firing a bureacrat?? See chart at bottom of page 323

58. Formal Organization Departments- the Cabinet departments
Cabinet secretaries
Clientele agencies
Government corporations

59. Independent executive agencies
Independent regulator commission
Selecting members of boards and commissions

60. How the Bureaucracy Works

61. Congressional delegation of Article I, section 8, powers
Implementation
Iron triangles
Issue networks

62. Interagency councils
Policy coordinating committees

63. Making Policy Administrative discretion Rule-making Regulations
1964 Administrative Act three part rule-making procedures

64. Administrative discretion
Quasi-judicial

65. Making Agencies Accountable

66. Executive Control
President has what authority? (table 9.3)
Executive order

67. Congressional Control
Congress has what authority? (table 9.3)
Investigatory powers
Police patrol oversight

68. Fire alarm oversight
Power of the purse
General Accounting Office (now General Accountability Office)

69. Judicial Control Federal judiciary has what authority? (table 9.3)
Injunctions
Specialized courts