1. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Intelligence
Intelligence: global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
Intelligence is a hypothetical, abstract construct.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

2. History of Intelligence Testing
1905: Alfred Binet creates test measure intellectual skills of children entering French public school system.
Lewis Terman translates test and brings to Stanford University in CA (Stanford-Binet Test of Intelligence)
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3. History of Intelligence Testing
David Wechsler (1939) creates intelligence test for adults composed of 11 subscales measuring both verbal and non-verbal (or performance) IQ.
Most popular IQ tests today
WAIS – adults; WISC – children; WPPSI – preschool children
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4. WWII: First Group Aptitude Measures
Army Alpha and Beta
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5. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
What Is Intelligence?
Historical views of intelligence:
1. Single ability or general factor called “g” (Spearman)
2. Multiple abilities (Thurstone and Guilford)
3. Single ability with two types of g, fluid and crystallized intelligence (Cattell)
4. Multiple abilities (Gardner and Sternberg)
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6. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Intelligence Models
Gardner
Sternberg
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9. Measuring Intelligence
Stanford-Binet and Wechsler most widely used individual intelligence tests. Both tests compute an intelligence quotient (IQ), which compares the deviation of a person’s test score to norms for that person’s age group.
Original version of Stanford-Binet (IQ = MA/CA x 100)
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10. Measuring Intelligence—The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores
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11. Intelligence: Normal Distribution

12. Measuring Intelligence— Sample Wechsler Tests
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13. Measuring Intelligence
Three scientific standards for psychological tests:
Standardization--establishes norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring tests
Reliability--measure of the consistency and stability of test scores over time
Validity--ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
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14. The Intelligence Controversy—Extremes in Intelligence
Mental Retardation: IQs of 70 and below
Mental Giftedness: IQs of 135 and above
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15. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

16. Influences on Testing Cultural Bias in Testing
culture-fair tests (e.g., Raven Progressive Matrices)
Genetic Influences on Intelligence
heritability
increases with age
Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Flynn effect
IM: Cultural Bias in IQ Testing Activity
IM: Nature vs. Nurture Activity

17. The Intelligence Controversy: Explaining Differences
Is it the brain? All mental activity (including intelligence) results from neural activity in the brain.
Is it genetic or environmental influences? Heredity and environment are important, inseparable factors in intellectual development.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

18. The Flynn Effect IM: Cultural Bias in IQ Testing Activity
IM: Nature vs. Nurture Activity

19. An Example of a Brain Test for Intelligence
Which “leg” of the drawing is longer (a) or (b)? The amount of time individuals require to make a correct choice between quickly flashed items like the ones on this screen may reveal something about their intelligence.
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20. An Example of Genetic Vs. Environmental Influences on Intelligence
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21. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Three Components of Emotion
Physiological-- arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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22. Physiological Component and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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23. Emotion and the Brain Limbic System: Amygdala Cerebral Hemispheres
fear system: two pathways
thalamus ↔ amygdala
sensory cortex
persistence of emotional memories
Cerebral Hemispheres
left hemisphere: approach-related emotions
right hemisphere: withdrawal-related emotions

24. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Three Components of Emotion (Continued)
Cognitive--thoughts, values and expectations
Behavioral--expressions, gestures, and body positions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

25. Theories and Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories of Emotion
James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal
Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions
Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs
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26. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Theories and Concepts of Emotion:
Overview of Four Theories
of Emotion
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27. Can You Explain Why Pleasant Feelings Increase When Teeth Show?
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28. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Facial Feedback Hypothesis: changes in facial expression produce corresponding changes in emotion
Laird (1974): attached electrodes to students faces to study facial muscles. Showed them cartoons. Ask subs to contract muscles to form either smile or frown. Those who smiled while seeing cartoons rated them as funnier.
Kleinke et al., (1998). Had subjects model either pictures, most either happy or sad. Rated emotions. Happy faces happier.
Zajonc (1993). Cool brain hypothesis
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

29. Facial expressions: Universal expressions of emotions
Paul Ekman (1970’s) series of cross-cultural studies looking for universals in facial expressions of emotions
Based on evolutionary principle that it would have been advantageous for a highly social species to be able to quickly read emotions from faces.
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30. Universal Facial Expressions
Ekman & Friesen (1978) identified six universal facial expressions: joy, fear, anger, sadness, surprise and disgust.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

31. Lying faces: Can we identify when a face is lying?
Ekaman Telling Lies (2001). microexpression: brief, fleeting facial expression of the opposite emotion to what the person is trying to convey
90% of deceivers produce reliable microexpression. 30% of truth-tellers also do.
Other cues: depersonalization of speech, departure from typical communication style.
Ekman’s advice: always play good cop
Avner Less/Adolf Eichmann example.
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32. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
MicroExpression Training Tools (METT) and Subtle Expression Training Tools (SETT) provide self instructional training to improve your ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion. In under an hour, METT will train you to see very brief (1/25th of a second) microexpressions of concealed emotion. SETT teaches you to recognize the subtlest signs of when an emotion is first beginning in another person. *©Paul Ekman 2004
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

33. Schachter two factor theory of emotion
Two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive evalution
We take note of physio arousal and label arousal with emotional tag appropriate to situation.
Is it love or is it gas?
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34. What Theory of Emotion is Portrayed in this Figure?
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35. Happiness: An elusive emotion
Why humans aren’t designed to be happy
1. Hedonic treadmill: we quickly adapt to new circumstances requiring ever greater “thrills” to achieve contentment (the more you have the more you want!)
2. Tendency to make upward rather than downward social comparisons
3. Asymmetry of affective experience effect: losing $50 dollars feels worse than finding $50 feels good.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

36. Happiness: Does money buy happiness?
Yes and no: Enough money to establish a health and security, but past that no effect
Of greater importance: stability and depth of social relationships – marriage, family, community.
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41. The secret to Happiness: Ancient wisdom
Here again, I saw emptiness under the sun: a lonely man without a friend, without a son or brother, toiling endlessly yet never satisfied with his wealth. Two are better than one; they receive a good reward for their toil, because, if one falls, the other can help his companion up again; but alas for the man who falls with no partner to help him up. (Eccles. 4:7-10).
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