1. Principal as Politician Chapter 8 Norm and Kim

2. Political Influence “School funding, governance, curricula, and administration cannot escape the pressures and demands of these larger societal and community structures.” “School funding, governance, curricula, and administration cannot escape the pressures and demands of these larger societal and community structures.”

3. 3 Traditional Political Views 1. Principals should be nonpolitical 2. Principals gain support both internally and externally to satisfy their own self- interests and maintain power. 3. Buffer the school from parents and the community.

4. 2 Factors for Thinking Politically Conflict Conflict Can’t always avoid it Can’t always avoid it Can be beneficial: it is the root of social change, creativity, and innovation Can be beneficial: it is the root of social change, creativity, and innovation Power Power 5 Types 5 Types Reward Reward Coercive (ability to remove awards) Coercive (ability to remove awards) Legitimate (ability to prescribe behavior) Legitimate (ability to prescribe behavior) Referent (identification of the person with power) Referent (identification of the person with power) Expertise (based on special knowledge) Expertise (based on special knowledge)

5. Schools as Political Systems 3 Major Societal Changes that Schools are Confronted with: 3 Major Societal Changes that Schools are Confronted with: 1. Decreased faith in institutions 2. Mobilization of powerful interest groups 3. Transformation of the economy to more global and non-industrial -Increased conflicts over values, beliefs, and resources

6. Schools as Civil Societies “Students encounter non-family members and confront the need to learn how to live, work, and play with others.” (character education) “Students encounter non-family members and confront the need to learn how to live, work, and play with others.” (character education) Five characteristics that schools promote: Five characteristics that schools promote: 1. Warm attitude towards others 2. Sharing values with others 3. Multi-valued orientation 4. Trust and confidence in the world 5. Freedom from anxiety

7. Schools as Democratic Institutions 3 Democratic Values that Schools Must Base Their Practice on: 3 Democratic Values that Schools Must Base Their Practice on: 1. Worth of the individual and their importance in participation 2. A belief in freedom, intelligence, and inquiry 3. Cooperative learning and solving problems together by using talents 2 Characteristics of Schools Democratic Structure and Curriculum

8. Role of Principal as Politician Principals must understand the current ideas that influence school reform and practice Principals must understand the current ideas that influence school reform and practice Distrust in education, media, highlight success that influences support of tax increases Distrust in education, media, highlight success that influences support of tax increases Encourage and foster civil societies Encourage and foster civil societies Creating schools that are democratic institutions Creating schools that are democratic institutions

9. Two Views of School-Community Relations Beneficiaries of community support Beneficiaries of community support Funding, donations, volunteers Funding, donations, volunteers Social Capital Social Capital “Schools create a public good from which the whole society benefits..” “Schools create a public good from which the whole society benefits..”