1. Lesson 2 Input, Output and Processing 1

2. 2 22 OBJECTIVES Identify and describe standard and specialized input devices. Identify and describe standard and specialized output devices. Connect input and output devices to a computer. Consider computer performance factors.

3. 3 33 Vocabulary Audio input: Sound entered into a computer, including speech, sound effects, and music. Biometrics: An authentication technique using automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Digital camera: Takes pictures that are stored digitally and then can be transferred to the computer’s memory. Expansion slot: Openings on the motherboard where an expansion board can be inserted. FireWire: A type of external bus that standard supports data transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps and can connect up to 63 external devices. Inkjet printer: Provides good-quality color printing for less expense than a laser printer. Input: Data or instructions entered into a computer.

4. Vocabulary (continued) Keyboard: The most commonly used input device for entering text and numbers into a computer. Laser printer: Produces images using the same technology as copier machines. Modem: A device that allows one computer to talk to another. Monitor: Display device for a computer. Mouse: The most common pointing device for personal computers. Output: Data processed into a useful format. Plug and play: Refers to the ability of a computer system to configure expansion boards and other devices automatically. 4 44

5. Vocabulary (continued) Pointing device: An input device you use to position the pointer on the screen. Port: An interface to which a peripheral device attaches to or communicates with the system unit or other peripheral devices. Also called a jack. Printer: Produces a paper copy, or hard copy, or processing results. Scanner: Devices that can change images into codes for input to the computer. Trackball: A pointing device that works like a mouse turned upside down; the ball is on top of the device. Universal Serial Bus (USB): Port that can connect up to 127 peripheral devices with a single connector and transfer data at rates of up to 200 million bits per second. 5 55

6. Input – must be entered into computer and stored temporarily or permanently. Keyboards – Various types: Ergonomic – use of more natural/comfortable hand, wrist and arm positions Cordless/Wireless – battery-powered transmit via wireless Specialized – special keys represent specific items (example: fast-food restaurants) Security – biometric fingerprint reader, magnetic stripe or smart card reader Foldable/Flexible – used with mobile devices; soft touch and water resistant. NIK (Slide 7) Laser Virtual – packaged small; use laser to project full-size keyboard. Connects to any PC or Smartphone 6

7. 7 ENHANCED KEYBOARD WITH MULTIMEDIA FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS HOT KEYS, E-MAIL, VOLUME CONTROL, ETC. BIOMETRIC KEYBOARD WITH FINGERPRINT SCANNER FLEXIBLE AND FOLDABLE KEYBOARDS

8. 8 If you are hard on keyboards, then you should consider the “Nearly Indestructible Keyboard,” otherwise known as a NIK — it is flexible, can be rolled up and put into a briefcase, and even washed with soap and water or a spray cleaner.

9. 9 LASER VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

10. Pointing Devices – Input device to position pointer on screen; has several shapes usually an arrow; use to move device; select objects like text or graphics; click icons, buttons, or links Mouse – Most common pointing device for the PC; fits in palm of hand. Various types: Mechanical – ball located in bottom of mouse; rolls on flat surface; sensors detect movement (direction and distance) Optomechanical – same as above but uses optical sensors to detect movement Optical – uses laser to detect movement; have no mechanical moving parts; respond more quickly and precisely than mechanical or optomechanical mice Wireless – battery powered; infrared waves to communicate with computer Trackball Mouse – upside down mechanical mouse with ball on top Radio Frequency – typically wireless, but uses radio frequency instead of infrared waves Foldable – wireless and flexible to be easily folded or rolled up 10

11. 11 OPTICAL RADIO FREQUENCY FOLDABLE TRACKBALL WIRELESS

12. 12 A typical wired mouse has a power consumption rating of about 0.5 watts (5 V/100 mA). One hundred milliamperes (mA) is the maximum additional current that a mouse can draw, according to the USB 2.0 specification. In comparison, a wireless mouse uses only a small receiver for power, which draws a maximum of 0.075W.

13. Pointing Devices – continued Mouse – continued Mice have two or three buttons and a wheel Left click = mouse operations Right click = shortcut menu Point and Click triggers action in computer Pointing – places pointer in designated location Clicking – pressing and releasing mouse button to select specific location in doc Dragging – pressing mouse button and moving mouse = highlighting text Double-Clicking – press and release mouse button rapidly twice = select a word Triple-Clicking – press and release mouse button rapidly three times = select a paragraph Right-Clicking – displays a shortcut menu Rotating – rolling wheel forward or backwards = scroll vertically up or down Tilting – pressing wheel left or right = scroll horizontally 13

14. Pointing Devices – continued Trackball – upside down mouse; use thumb and/or fingers to control ball motion; mouse is stationary; good choice for limited desk space; some keyboards have built-in trackballs Touchpad – common feature on laptop/notebook computers; specialized surface to convert motion and position of finger to placement on the computer screen. Pointing Stick – pressure sensitive device looks like a pencil eraser; usually contained on notebook computer keyboard between the G, H, and B keys; use forefinger to move Audio Input – sound entered into computer; examples: microphones, CD/DVD players, radios, electronic keyboards; use voice recognition to speak commands into computer or enter text; computer has to have voice recognition software 14

15. 15 TRACKBALL MOUSE KEYBOARD WITH TRACKBALL

16. 16 POINTING STICK TOUCHPAD

17. 17 AUDIO INPUT DEVICES CD/DVD/Blu-Ray player

18. Output – data processed into useful format; display information (examples: printed text, spoken words, music, pictures, videos, and graphics; most common are monitors and printers.) Monitors – Desktop computers typically use a monitor as their display device; comprised of screen, housing, electrical components; display is called a soft copy since it is stored temporarily. Various types: CRT – Cathode Ray Tube; earliest type, similar to the early TVs; monochrome or color; heavy; older and nearly obsolete; replaced by flat panel monitors. Flat Panel – take up less space; lighter; larger viewing area LCD – Liquid Crystal Display; produces image by manipulating light within the Liquid Crystal cells; originally for notebooks; 1997 started producing full-size monitors as alternative to the older CRTs; older LCD produced square display; newer monitors = widescreen format Plasma – Gas plasma technology; tiny amount of gas charged by electricity; illuminates miniature colored fluorescent lights; typically widescreen format; sizes of 60” or more 18

19. 19 CRT MONITORLCD MONITORGAS PLASMA MONITOR

20. Output Devices – Continued Printers – produce paper copy (hard copy) of processing results; hard copy = permanent; several types available with differences to consider: Speed – measures in ppm (pages per minute); varies according to text and graphics Print Quality – measured in dpi (dots per inch); higher dpi = better resolution or print quality. Price – original cost of printer and what it cost to maintain it; price range from inexpensive to thousands of dollars; ink and toner cartridges need to be replaced periodically and have wide range of pricing as well 20

21. Output Devices – Continued Printers – Continued Classifications Impact – use a mechanism to strike paper to form letters or graphics DOT Matrix is an example of this type Non-Impact – form characters without striking paper Laser and Inkjet are examples of this type Laser – produces images like a copy machine; image made from toner, high quality output; generally affordable but can be expensive Inkjet – nozzles squirt ink as they pass over the media to reproduce text/graphics; provides good-quality color printing for less expense than a laser. 21

22. 22 HOW A LASER PRINTER WORKS

23. 23 HOW AN INKJET PRINTER WORKS

24. Output Devices – Continued Speakers – generate sound (examples: music or instructions); headphones/earbuds = private 24

25. Specialized Input Devices Other types of input devices that are used for specialized applications. Digital Cameras – store pictures digitally and transferred to computer’s memory. Various storage media: Flash Memory Cards, Memory Sticks, USB Keys, Mini Discs, SD Cards Video input is a set of full motion images captured with video camera. DV (Digital Video) camera records video as digital signals. They can capture still images as well. PC Video camera sends live images via the web, video telephone calls, or e-mail Mini digital small enough to fit in pocket. Webcams = video capturing cameras connected to computers or computer networks. Display images via the world wide web 25

26. Specialized Input Devices 26 MINIATURIZED DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERA WEARABLE VIDEO CAMERA

27. Specialized Input Devices Game Controllers – Joystick and Wheel are types of pointing devices; used primarily for games 27 JOYSTICK STEERING WHEEL

28. Specialized Input Devices Scanners – Various sizes and types: Image – converts image to electronic form to store in computer memory; manipulate images Bar Code – reads bar lines printed on products Magnetic – read encoded information on credit cards; contains user’s encoded account information Wireless – use Bluetooth technology to scan barcode data and transmit to computer Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) – use light source to read characters, marks, and codes; data converted into digital format; example: Banks use OCR to scan checks; Schools use OMR for testing (Scantron forms) 28

29. Specialized Input Devices 29 OPTICAL SCANNER BLUETOOTH SCANNER

30. Specialized Input Devices Touch Display Screen – special screen that reacts to direct touches within display area; use finger or hand; can be found in places like: airports, hotels, libraries, delivery services, fast-food restaurants; mobile device like iPhone, iPad, Tablets, Desktop/Notebook computers have touch screens. All must be touch compatible. 30

31. Specialized Input Devices Stylus – Pen-like writing instrument used to enter information by writing or pointing on a screen of a mobile device. Environmental Probes/Sensors – used to view information like humidity and temperature in remote areas; smoke detector or pollution control readings; industries fish farms, moisture monitoring, warehouse security Remote Controls – manage devices like TVs, lights, fans, factory equipment (cranes, carts, etc.) 31 STYLUS

32. Specialized Input Devices Security Devices Biometrics to authenticate to recognize a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic; uses reader/scanner and software to convert scanned information into digital format Common Techniques – identify people based on fingerprints, face, voice, or handwriting Less Common Techniques – analysis of retina, iris, hand geometry, or vein are other options How it works: Enrollment – establishes baseline measurement for comparison Submission – present biological proof of identity to capture machine Verification – compares submitted sample to stored sample 32

33. Specialized Input Devices Security Devices (cont.) Biometrics (cont.) Privacy and Civil Liberties are concerned with the wide-spread adoption of biometrics; they argue that by using biometric data, unauthorized parties can access someone’s data without their consent and link it to other information, resulting in secondary uses of the information. Uses in computer industry Computer Keyboards and USB Flash Drive with fingerprint authentication 33 USB FINGERPRINT SCANNER BIOMETRIC KEYBOARD SCANNER

34. Specialized Input Devices 34 VIRTUAL COMPUTER KEYBOARDVIRTUAL PIANO KEYBOARD Virtual Devices – Similar to Laser Virtual Keyboard; use synchronized position of light-emitting and sensing devices to detect user input

35. Specialized Input Devices Touch-Sensitive Pads – Like the touchpad of a notebook; used by portable devices like iPod, iPad, etc.; used to scroll through lists, adjust volume, view pictures or videos, or customize settings Input Devices For the Physically Challenged – Various types: Keyboards operated with one hand or foot Camera Mouse allow users to use Webcam and control mouse pointer with their head Human-Computer interface uses eye control to move pointer Joystick mouse can be operated by lips, chin, or tongue Voice input allows those that are visually or physically impaired to interact with computers Computer display that is sensitive to human touch and allows the user to interact with the computer by touching and active area or target, or to control data such as pictures or words on the screen. 35

36. Specialized Output Devices Projectors – project images onto a screen for presentation FAX Machines – transmit and receives documents via telephone line or through computer Multi-function printer – combines functions like printing, copying, scanning, faxing Control devices/robots – Robotics is the study, design, and use of robot systems in manufacturing; applications for testing, product inspection, assembly, packaging, and painting 36

37. Specialized Output Devices Specialized Printers Examples: Dot matrix – transfers ink to paper by striking a ribbon with pins, thus forming a character or number, this mechanism is called a printhead; measured in (CPS) characters per second; seldom used anymore Line – variation of the Dot matrix; connected to large mainframe computers or servers Thermal – forms characters by heating paper; requires special paper Mobile – small, battery-powered; for use with notebook computers Label and Postage – used to print labels with adhesive on one side; postage printer contains scales and prints postage stamps Plotters/large format – used by engineers, architects, or graphic artists; produces large drawings or drafting plans 37

38. Specialized Output Devices Output Devices For the Physically Challenged – Screen Magnifiers – Range of magnification and fonts that enlarge information on screen Screen Readers – assists those visually impaired by reading screen content; can read scanned documents Voice Synthesizers – changes computer text into synthetic speech 38 SCREEN MAGNIFIER

39. Connecting Input/Output Devices To A Computer Ports and Connectors Ports – Also called a “Jack” interface which a peripheral device attaches to or communicates with the computer or other peripheral device. Serial – transmit data 1 bit at a time Parallel – transmit data 8 bits at a time USB (Universal Serial Bus) – connects up to 127 peripheral device with single connector; transfer rate = 200 million bits per second; USB 3.0 latest version; replaced standard serial and parallel ports of older computers; typically 4-8 connectors located on computer The SuperSpeed USB (USB 3.0) is the most recent version of the USB specification, with ten times the current bandwidth of USB 2.0. Transfer rates are approximately 4.8 Gbits/sec (Gigabits per second) and have been available in commercial products since 2009. 39 USB FIREWIRE

40. Connecting Input/Output Devices To A Computer Ports and Connectors (cont.) Plug and Play – computer system can configure expansion boards automatically; “Hot Plugging” is adding/removing devices will computer is running Firewire – known as IEEE 1394 (supports data transfer up to 400 Mbps) or IEEE 1394b (supports data transfer up to 3200 Mbps); connects up to 63 devices SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) – pronounced “SKUZZY”; standard interface for connecting peripherals like disk drives and printers IrDA – wireless standard that allows data to be transferred between devices using infrared light instead of cables; both devices must have IrDA port 40

41. Ports and Connectors (cont.) Bluetooth – uses radio waves to provide wireless short-range communication between mobile and stationary device; alternative to IrDA 41 Connecting Input/Output Devices To A Computer

42. Ports and Connectors (cont.) Expansion slots – openings on motherboard to put expansion boards/cards Expansion Boards/Cards – used to enhance functions of a component or provide a connection; they are also called: Adapter Cards Expansion Cards Add-ins Add-ons Hardware Installation – needs set of instructions to communicate with computer; instructions are called drivers; installed automatically or manually 42

43. Considering Computer Performance Factors Microprocessor – most important element; higher the generation = faster and better processing speed and more instructions per second can be processed RAM (Random Access Memory) – amount of RAM helps to speed up processing cycle; more memory = better performance from computer; computer reads from RAM faster than the hard drive Hard Disk – size and speed affects computer performance; bigger and faster = faster data processing; disk organization affects computer performance therefore remove unneeded or outdated files Video – can enhance or slow computer performance; have adequate video memory to optimize performance 43

44. Computer Viruses A computer virus is small software program that spreads from one computer to another and interferes with the operation of the computers. A virus is written to attach itself intentionally to other programs or to disk boot sectors and duplicates itself whenever those programs are executed or the infected disks are accessed. A virus can delete or corrupt data, delete everything on the hard drive, or spread the virus to other programs through e-mail. Viruses can be stored on your computer for weeks or months and not cause any damage until a predetermined date or time code is activated. They are easily spread by e-mail attachments or downloaded files. Computer viruses can be disguised as attached greeting cards, audio and video files, or as other attachments. Not all viruses cause damage. Some are just pranks; your desktop might display a silly message or animation. Viruses are created by persons who have the power and expertise in the area of computers; sometimes created just for fun. To protect your computer from virus damage, install an antivirus software program on your computer and keep it running at all times so that it can continuously scan for viruses. 44

45. QUICK QUIZZES 1) A(n) __________ is a device that allows one computer to talk to another. Answer: Modem 2) The __________ is the most commonly used input device for entering text and numbers into a computer. Answer: Keyboard 3) Desktop computers typically use a(n) __________ as their display device. Answer:Monitor 45

46. QUICK QUIZZES 4) What is output? Answer: Output is data processed into a useful format 5) __________ are devices that can change images into codes for input to the computer. Answer: Scanners 6) What is biometrics? Answer: An authentication technique using automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. 46

47. QUICK QUIZZES 7) A(n) __________ printer is a small, battery-powered printer, primarily used to print from a notebook computer. Answer: Mobile 8) The field of __________ is defined as the study, design, and use of robot systems for manufacturing. Answer: Robotics 9) A(n) __________ is an interface to which a peripheral device attaches to or communicates with the system unit or other peripheral devices. Answer: Port 47

48. QUICK QUIZZES 10) What is plug and play? Answer: This refers to the ability of a computer system to configure expansion boards and other devices automatically. 11) True or False? The higher the CPU generation, the faster and better the processing speed. Answer: True 12) True or False? To improve computer performance dramatically, increase the amount of RAM on your computer. Answer: True 48