2. Warm-Up: What types of jobs do you think the people are doing? Who do you think is the most powerful? Who do you think is the least powerful? Why?

3. The Aryan Invasion Around 1500 BCE, a group of nomadic warrior-herders called the Aryans, crossed the narrow Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains and invaded the Indus River Valley. These people, the Aryans, came from Eastern Europe between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, probably looking for a stable food supply. After mixing with the Dravidians, the original people of the Indus River Valley, they migrated into the Ganges River Valley.

4. The Aryan Invasion (cont’d) Two Cultures Combined:  The Aryans brought with them their own language, called Sanskrit, as well as other religious and cultural beliefs.  The Dravidians taught the Aryans how to farm and the two cultures together make up what is now much of the culture of modern India.  Hinduism, the major religion of India, was a mixture of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs.  The Caste System, which keeps people in strict social classes, was brought to India by the Aryans.

5. The Caste System One social custom brought to India by the Aryans was the Caste System. This system put every person in society into a certain class based on their occupations. This is known as social stratification. The Caste System was very effective in keeping social order, but it was rigid and strict – no advancement and you must marry within your caste. India’s Caste System is divided into many different classes, each with its own job:  Bhramin  Priests and Academics o Highest class o They have great authority and respect.  Kshatriya  Kings and warriors o The wealthy, ruling class. o In early times, they were the armies for the many princes of India.

6. The Caste System (cont’d)  Vaishya  Merchants, artisans, and landowners o They are the people who make and sell products. o Shudra  Farmers, servants, and commoners. o Lowest class o They are very important because they provide food for society.  The lowest group in India are the Harijan or Pariah. o They are also called the “untouchables” or “outcasts” because they are not even considered part of the caste system. o Their job is to do all the worst jobs in the community such as cleaning latrines and sewers and sweeping the streets. o Members of the Caste System were not even supposed to have the shadow of an untouchable touch them.

7. The Caste System (cont’d) These people believed that the only way to get out of their caste was to perform their jobs without complaint so they could be born into a higher caste in the next life – this is known as dharma.