1. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Chapter Seven Effective Groups and Teamwork

2. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Fundamentals of Group Behaviour Formal and Informal Groups The Group Development Process Group Member Roles Norms Chapter Seven Outline

3. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Teams, Trust, and Teamwork A Team is More Than Just a Group Trust: A Key Ingredient in Teamwork Self-Managed Teams Virtual Teams Why do Work Teams Fail? Social Loafing Problems With Self-Managed Teams Team Building Chapter Seven Outline (cont’d)

4. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Organizational Functions Individual Functions 1. Accomplish complex, interdependent tasks that are beyond the capabilities of individuals. 2. Generate new or creative ideas and solutions. 3. Coordinate interdepartmental efforts. 4. Provide a problem-solving mechanism for complex problems requiring varied information and assessments. 5. Implement complex decisions. 6. Socialize and train newcomers. 1. Satisfy the individual’s need for affiliation. 2. Develop, enhance, and confirm the individual’s self-esteem and sense of identity. 3. Give individuals an opportunity to test and share their perceptions of social reality. 4. Reduce the individual’s anxieties and feelings of insecurity and powerless- ness. 5. Provide a problem-solving mechanism for personal and interpersonal problems. Functions of Formal Groups

5. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Performing Adjourning Norming Storming Forming Return to Independence Dependence/ interdependence Independence Five-Stage Model of Group Development

6. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Individual Issues FormingStormingNormingPerforming “How do I fit in?” “What’s my role here?” “What do the others expect me to do?” “How can I best perform my role?” Group Issues “Why are we here?” “Why are we fighting over who’s in charge and who does what?” “Can we agree on roles and work as a team?” “Can we do the job properly?” Five-Stage Model of Group Development (cont’d) Adjourning “What’s next?” “Can we help members transition out?”

7. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Roles – expected behaviours for a given position Role Overload - Other people’s expectations of someone exceed that individual’s ability Role Conflict – Other people have conflicting or inconsistent expectations of someone Role Ambiguity – An individual does not know what is expected of them Group Member Roles

8. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Task RolesDescription Initiator InitiatorSuggests new goals or ideas Information seeker/giver Information seeker/giverClarifies key issues Opinion seeker/giver Opinion seeker/giverClarifies pertinent issues Elaborator Elaborator Promote greater understanding Coordinator CoordinatorPulls together key ideas and suggestions Orienter Orienter Keeps group headed toward its stated goal(s) Evaluator Evaluator Tests group’s accomplishments Energizer Energizer Prods group to move along or to accomplish more Procedural Technician Procedural TechnicianPerforms routine duties Recorder Recorder Performs a “group memory” function Task and Maintenance Roles

9. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Maintenance Roles Description Encourager EncouragerFosters group solidarity Harmonizer HarmonizerMediates conflict through reconciliation or humour Compromiser Compromiser Helps resolve conflict by meeting others”half way” Gatekeeper Gatekeeper Encourages all group members to participate Standard setter Standard setterEvaluates the quality of group processes Commentator CommentatorRecords comments on group processes/dynamics Follower FollowerServes as a passive audience Task and Maintenance Roles (cont’d)

10. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. A norm A norm is shared attitudes, opinions, feelings, or actions that guides social behaviour. How Norms are Developed - explicit statements by supervisors or co-workers -critical events in the group’s history -primacy  first behaviour sets a pattern -carry-over behaviours from past situations Social Norms

11. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Why Norms Are Enforced Help the group or organization survive Clarify or simplify behavioural expectations Help individuals avoid embarrassing situations Clarify the group’s or organization’s central values and/or unique identity Social Norms (cont’d)

12. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. The Evolution of a Team A work group becomes a team when: Leadership Leadership becomes a shared activity. Accountability Accountability shifts from strictly individual to both individual and collective. purpose The group develops its own purpose or mission. Problem solving Problem solving becomes a way of life, not a part-time activity. Effectiveness Effectiveness is measured by the group’s collective outcomes and products. A team is a A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Teams

13. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Clear purpose Informality Participation Listening Civilized disagreement Consensus decisions Open communication Clear roles and work assignments Shared leadership External relations Style diversity Self-assessment Characteristics of Effective Teams

14. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. How to Build Trust Communication Communication (keep everyone informed; give feedback; tell the truth). Support Support (be available and approachable). Respect Respect (delegate; be an active listener). Fairness Fairness (give credit where due; objectively evaluate performance). Predictability Predictability (be consistent; keep your promises). Competence Competence (demonstrate good business sense and professionalism). Trust Trust is reciprocal faith in others’ intentions and behaviour. Trust

15. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Percentage of Companies Saying Their Self-Managing Teams Perform These Traditional Management Functions by Themselves. Schedule work assignments67% Work with outside customers67 Conduct training59 Set production goals/quotas56 Work with suppliers/vendors44 Purchase equipment/services43 Develop budgets39 Do performance appraisals36 Hire co-workers 33 Fire co-workers 14 Source: Adapted from “1996 industry Report: What Self-Managing Teams Manage,” Training, October 1996, p. 69 Survey Evidence: What Self- Managing Teams Manage

16. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. virtual team A virtual team is a physically dispersed task group that conducts its business through modern information technology. meaningful face-to-face contact, especially during early phases of the group development process, is absolutely essential. Virtual Teams

17. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Social loafing Social loafing is a decrease in individual effort as group size increases.  social loafing occurs when: the task is perceived to be unimportant, simple, or not interesting group members think their individual input is not identifiable group members expect co-workers to loaf Social Loafing

18. © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Participative leadership Shared responsibility Aligned on purpose Strong communication Future-focused Focused on task Creative talents applied Rapid response to opportunities Attributes of High-Performance Teams