1. Do Now – World History  In the Middle Ages, and the system of feudalism, who were common people loyal to?  Also in the Middle Ages, who was on top of the social pyramid?  In the Middle Ages, and the system of feudalism, who were common people loyal to?  Also in the Middle Ages, who was on top of the social pyramid?

4. The Thirty Years War (It lasted 30 years) 1618 - 1648

5. “Nation” (In the Middle Ages)  Who leads a nation?  Who grants that leader the authority to rule?  By these answers, how would we define a nation in the Middle Ages?  Who leads a nation?  Who grants that leader the authority to rule?  By these answers, how would we define a nation in the Middle Ages?

6. Example of a Middle-Ages Nation: Holy Roman Empire  Over 250 small kingdoms, each run by princes  “United” by a single Emperor,  Emperor had no real authority, and no additional land  Usually was named Emperor by the Pope as a reward  Often “ruled” from an outside country  These kingdoms often fought religious wars against one another  Over 250 small kingdoms, each run by princes  “United” by a single Emperor,  Emperor had no real authority, and no additional land  Usually was named Emperor by the Pope as a reward  Often “ruled” from an outside country  These kingdoms often fought religious wars against one another

7. Peace of Augsburg, 1555  Agreement in the Holy Roman Empire (“HRE”) in 1555  Signed by Emperor Charles V  Princes could choose Catholic or Lutheran for their kingdom  What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?  How effective do you think this peace was?  Agreement in the Holy Roman Empire (“HRE”) in 1555  Signed by Emperor Charles V  Princes could choose Catholic or Lutheran for their kingdom  What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?  How effective do you think this peace was?

9. Peace of Augsburg, continued  What religion did the Peace of Augsburg not account for?  How might this lead to the collapse of the Peace of Augsburg?  What religion did the Peace of Augsburg not account for?  How might this lead to the collapse of the Peace of Augsburg?

12. Yup, you’re right: #UnGood  In 1617, Ferdinand II, the new King of Bohemia, changed the official religion to Catholicism.  Bohemia had been a Protestant (Lutheran) area.  How might have the people of Bohemia reacted?  In 1617, Ferdinand II, the new King of Bohemia, changed the official religion to Catholicism.  Bohemia had been a Protestant (Lutheran) area.  How might have the people of Bohemia reacted?

14. Fighting Breaks Out  In 1618, the Protestant kingdom of Bohemia revolted against Ferdinand II, who had now become Holy Roman Emperor.  Fighting began after some Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a second-story window, in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague.  Ferdinand II tried to conquer neighboring kingdoms to convert them to Catholicism.  In 1618, the Protestant kingdom of Bohemia revolted against Ferdinand II, who had now become Holy Roman Emperor.  Fighting began after some Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a second-story window, in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague.  Ferdinand II tried to conquer neighboring kingdoms to convert them to Catholicism.

16. A Civil War  This led to a civil war between Catholic and Protestant kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire.  None of the rulers could afford to pay their soldiers  What might happen as a result of soldiers not being paid?  This led to a civil war between Catholic and Protestant kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire.  None of the rulers could afford to pay their soldiers  What might happen as a result of soldiers not being paid?

17. Domestic Effects of the War  Soldiers plundered the villages and fields for food.  As many as half the people in the HRE were killed in the war or starved to death, due to food shortages.  Soldiers plundered the villages and fields for food.  As many as half the people in the HRE were killed in the war or starved to death, due to food shortages.

19. Other Nations Join  Why would other nations join the war?

20. Other Nations Join  Catholics versus Protestants  Take territory  “Help a brother out”  Squeezed in the middle  Catholics versus Protestants  Take territory  “Help a brother out”  Squeezed in the middle

21. The End of the War  The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648  It revolutionized Europe  (I think it’s the most important thing you will learn this year)  The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648  It revolutionized Europe  (I think it’s the most important thing you will learn this year)