1. Industrial Revolution, 1700 - 1900 The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society.

2. Why Industrial Revolution Began in England (mid 1700s) Industrialization—move to machine production of goods Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors Britain has all needed factors of production— land, labor, capital Britain has political stability

4. Inventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Textile Industry Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies Water frame, power loom, speed production Factories—buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing

5. Improvements in Transportation James Watt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine Watt is #25 on Millennium List Water Transportation Robert Fulton builds first steamboat; England’s water transport improved by canals

6. The Railway Age Begins Steam-Driven Locomotives 1804, first steam-driven locomotive 1825, first railroad line Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities George Stephenson's Rocket locomotive. Photograph, 19th century. See Video, Mankind the Story of Us: Revolution, Factories & Railroads

7. Industrialization Case Study: Manchester Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river Sickness widespread in urban slums; lack sanitary and building codes

8. See Video, Mankind the Story of Us: Revolution, Mapping of Cities

9. Working Conditions Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers Many coal miners killed by coal dust Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured

11. The job of this young "tipple boy" was to unload coal cars by tipping them over. Photograph. West Virginia, Lewis Hine.

12. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Immediate Benefits Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions Long-Term Effects Improved living and working conditions still evident today Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements

14. The industrialization that begins in Great Britain spreads to other parts of the world. Industrialization in the United States Begins in early 19 th century but picks up post-Civil War. U.S. has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize Troubles in Continental Europe Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century economy Eventually, Belgium, Germany, Northern Italy, and France industrialize

15. See Video, Mankind the Story of Us: Speed, Mass Production

16. The Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets Transformation of Society Europe and U.S. gain economic power African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social reform

17. The Industrial Revolution provided European countries with a need to add lands to their control. As European nations industrialized, they searched for new markets and raw materials to improve their economies.

18. See Video, Mankind the Story of Us: Speed, Rubber Revolution & Power of Photography

19. Charles Dickens: From Poor House to Mansion Charles Dickens’s childhood experience as a factory worker influenced his writing and helped bring about reform during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms

20. The Philosophers of Industrialization Laissez faire—economic policy of not interfering with businesses Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition, supply and demand Mercantilism vs. Free Market 1500-1776

21. The Economists of Capitalism Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism Capitalism—system of privately owned businesses seeking profits

22. The Rise of Socialism Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism—judge things by their usefulness John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth Socialism Socialism—factors of production owned by, operated for the people Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality See Document, Principles of Socialism

23. Marxism: Radical Socialism Karl Marx—German journalist proposes a radical Socialism The Communist Manifesto Marx believes society is divided into warring classes Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers known as the bourgeoisie Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the proletariat Marx predicts the workers will overthrow the owners See Document, Principles of Communism See Video, Biography of the Millennium

24. The Future According to Marx Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills Communism—society where people own, share the means of production Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba

27. The “Industrial” Revolution Today Smaller, More Powerful Computers Computer components miniaturized due partly to space program Computers can fit in hands, instead of needing a whole room Computers now commonplace in factories, offices, vehicles, homes Bill Gates, #41 on Millennium List

28. Communications Network Internet—linkage of computer networks spanning the world Internet use soars from 26 to 600 million people from 1995–2002 Internet greatly affects business, speeding up flow of information

29. Technology Revolutionizes the World’s Economy Advances in Industry Progress in science leads to new industries Technological advances change industrial processes Production costs are lower; quality and speed of production increase Information Industries Change Economies New technologies reduce need for factory workers Using computers, information industries enjoy great growth

30. The Effects of New Economies Post-war boom benefits many nations; causes shifts in economic bases Developed nations—nations with advanced business infrastructures Emerging nations—nations in the process of becoming industrialized Manufacturing moves to emerging nations with cheap, eager labor Information industries multiply in developed nations

31. FYI: In August 2010, after three decades of spectacular growth, China passed Japan to become the world’s second-largest economy behind the United States. Experts say unseating Japan—and in recent years passing Germany, France and Great Britain—underscores China’s growing clout and bolsters forecasts that China will pass the United States as the world’s biggest economy as early as 2030. America’s gross domestic product (gdp) was $14 trillion in 2009.

32. Inventors – Industrial Revolution & Beyond Ben Franklin (1706-1790): lightning rod, bifocals, Franklin stove James Watt (1736-1819): steam engine Louis Daguerre (1787-1851): photography Charles Babbage (1791-1871): original concept of the computer Alexander G. Bell (1847-1922): telephone Thomas Edison (1847-1931): light bulb, movie camera, phonograph Henry Ford (1863-1947): assembly line, automobile Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937): radio Wright Brothers (1867,1871- 1912, 1948): airplane Vladimir Zworykin (1888-1982): television Let’s see where they are on the Millennium List!