1. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Chapter 10: Gender Section 1: GenderGender

2. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Reading Focus How are gender roles and identity formed? How does gender play into social inequality in the United States? Main Idea Individuals learn appropriate gender behavior through socialization. In many societies, gender roles lead to social inequality. Section 1: Gender

3. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. How did expectations about women in the workplace change over time?

4. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Gender is the behavior and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women. Gender roles are the specific behaviors established by society for men and women. Gender identity is the awareness of being masculine or feminine as defined by society. Margaret Mead studied expectations across three cultures and found differences. Differences are seen as proof that gender is social, not biological. Between Cultures Gender Roles and Identity Babies are given different toys. Expected behavior, interests, and strengths are different for young boys and girls. Expectations are learned early. Gender Identity & Socialization

5. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Gender Roles and Social Inequality In most societies, gender is the primary factor used to determine a person’s social standing. Sociologists ask why this is. One widely held view is that gender inequality is related to human reproduction. Over time patriarchy, a system in which men are dominant over women, arose. Conflict perspective suggests that male control of economic and political spheres have reinforced their dominant position. The idea of institutionalized discrimination is sometimes given as a reason for inequality. Sexism is the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other. Sexism becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.

6. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

7. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Reading Check Sequence How have gender roles changed over time? Answer: Roles are less restrictive for women, who are more strongly encouraged now to have careers and other roles outside the home.

8. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The Women’s Movement Officially begun in 1848 Demanded suffrage, the right to vote Used civil disobedience Resurfaced in 1970s Education Since 1979, more women than men in college Women focus on education and humanities, while men focus on engineering and the professions Gender Inequality in the United States

9. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Work Wage gap—The level of women’s income relative to that of men Glass ceiling—The invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions Second shift—The work a working mother does in the home Politics Women make up 52 percent of voting-age people, but only between 16 and 24 percent of elected offices Some women have been appointed to high office Gender Inequality in the United States (cont.)

10. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

11. Gender, Age, and Health Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.