1. Module 11: Human Health and Physiology 2
11.4 Reproduction

2. Annotate a light micrograph of testis tissue to show the location and function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells), germinal epithelium cells, developing spermatozoa and Sertoli cells.
Sertoli cells = nourishment for spermatogenesis

3. Annotate a light micrograph of testis tissue to show the location and function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells), germinal epithelium cells, developing spermatozoa and Sertoli cells.
(Interstitial cells)
Leydig (interstitial cells) cells surround the seminiferous tubule and produce testosterone
(Germinal epithelial cells)

4. Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the testis, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis and cell differentiation
Spermatogonia = germinal epithlelial cells
Spermatogonium = plural of spermatogonia
Spermatozoa (spermatazoon)
Maturity = acrosome + flagellum
Once flagellum is formed, spermatozoon detaches from Sertoli Cells and is carried in the fluid and is then stored in the epididymis

5. Outline the role in spermatogenesis in humans [5 marks]

6. 11.4.3 State the role of LH, testosterone, and FSH in spermatogenesis
LH: stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone
FSH and testosterone stimulate meiotic divisions of spermatogonia into spermatozoa

7. Outline the role of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland in the production of semen.
Epididymis: Stores sperm while they gain motility. Upon sexual arousal, sperm is moved to vas deferens
Seminal Vesicles (70%): glands that add high fructose fluid to semen.
Prostate gland (30%): alkaline fluid added to semen that helps sperm survive in vagina

8. (meiosis II will only finish after fertilisation)
Annotate a diagram of the ovary to show the location and function of germinal epithelium, primary follicles, mature follicle and secondary oocyte
Prophase I
Graafian follicle
prophase II
Secondary oocyte is released during ovulation (outer ring stays in ovary)
metaphase II
(meiosis II will only finish after fertilisation)

9. Outline the process involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of cytoplasm and the degeneration of the polar body
(2n)
(n)
Two rings of follicle cells in secondary oocyte: 1 around oocyte + 1 outer ring

10. Outline the process involved in oogenesis in the human ovary [8 marks]

11. 11.4.6 Draw and label the structure of a mature sperm and egg

12. 11.4.6 Draw and label the structure of a mature sperm and egg
Two rings of follicle cells in secondary oocyte: 1 around oocyte + 1 outer ring

13. Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Number of gametes produced
Products of meiosis
Start of process
Duration of production
Timing of release
Remember the command term compare means that you need to include similarities and differences

14. Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Number of gametes produced
Many/millions per day
one per month/menstrual cycle/28 days / about 400 eggs per life time;
Products of meiosis
four / equal division of the cytoplasm / no polar bodies
one / unequal division of the cytoplasm / polar bodies;
Start of process
At puberty
begins during fetal development;
Duration of production
Throughout adult life
Ends at menopause;
Timing of release
produced continuously / released during ejaculation
released at ovulation / in the middle of the menstrual cycle;
Both involve meiosis
Both produce haploid cells/nuclei
Both occur in gonads
Testes
Ovaries
Remember the command term compare means that you need to include similarities and differences

15. Describe the process of fertilisation, including the acrosome reaction, penetration of the egg membrane by a sperm and the cortical reaction

16. 11.4.10 Outline the role of HCG in early pregnancy
HCG = human chorionic gonadotrophin
Hormone secreted by embryo after implantation which prevents degeneration of corpus luteum

17. 11.4.11 Outline early embryo development up to the implantation of the blastocyst
First 24hr: first mitotic division
First 5 days: dividing and moving along oviduct into uterus
When it reaches uterus, it is called a blastocyst and is ready to implant into the endometrium

18. First 24hr: first mitotic division
Explain how the structure and functions of the placenta, including its hormonal role in secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, maintain pregnancy
First 24hr: first mitotic division
First 5 days: dividing and moving along oviduct into uterus
When it reaches uterus, it is called a blastocyst and is ready to implant into the endometrium
Disc-shaped structure that develops from about 12 weeks after corpus luteum stops secretion

19. Placental villi increases SA for exchange

20. 11.4.13 State that the foetus is supported and protected by the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

21. 11.4.14 State that materials are exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta
Foetus to mother via placenta:
CO2
Urea
Water
Hormones (i.e. HCG)
Mother to Foetus via placenta:
Oxygen
Nutrients (glucose, amino acids…)
Water
Hormones
Vitamins
Minerals
Drugs
Viruses (i.e. HIV)

22. Explain the structure and function of the placenta [8 marks]

23. Outline the process of birth and its hormonal control, including the changes in progesterone and oxytocin levels and positive feedback.
Drop in progesterone at end of pregnancy
Low oxytocin associated with first contractions of labour
Positive feedback: mechanoreceptors in uterus sends signals to posterior pituitary gland to produce more oxytocin
Cervix dilates to 10cm
Babies are typically head first, face down
Afterbirth (expelled placenta)
Lactation occurs shortly after