2. Chapter 7 Human Growth and Development Health Care Science Technology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. Chapter 7 2 Growth and Development 7-1 Developmental Milestones Principles of Growth and Development

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 3 Developmental Milestones Wellness – the best possible state of health. There are 4 major parameters within which developmental milestones occur: 1.Physical development – the actual bodily changes observed in a client during a period of growth.

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 4 Developmental Milestones (cont.) 2.Intellectual-cognitive development – the thinking skills a client develops during a particular period of growth. 3.Psycho-emotional development – the changes in feelings a client may experience during a particular period. 4.Social development – the way in which a client relates to those around him.

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 5 Principles of Growth and Development Cephalocaudal development – development of the embryo and fetus from head to tail or from the brain downward. Genes – units of hereditary material contained in a person’s cells.

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 6 Magnified 4-Week Embryo Actual Size ¼ Inch Principles of Growth and Development (cont.) Embryo – the human being developing in the uterus from the time of conception to about the 8 th week.

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 7 Principles of Growth and Development (cont.) Fetus – the human being developing in the uterus from the 8 th week until birth. Fetus sucking his thumb

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 8 From Conception through the Teenage Years 7-2 Conception to Full Term The Neonate: Birth to One Month The Infant: One Month to One Year The Toddler: One to Three Years of Age The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen Years The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen Years The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years CLICK A DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL TO GO DIRECTLY TO THAT SECTION.

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 9 Conception to Full Term First Trimester – Begins with conception, when 1 sperm penetrates the ovum (egg) in the outer third of the fallopian tube. – The zygote (fertilized ovum) travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus, dividing along the way. – At the back of the group of cells, or morula, is a rootlike projection that will eventually become the placenta.

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 10 Conception to Full Term (cont.)

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 11 Conception to Full Term (cont.) – By 21 to 25 days from conception, a rudimentary heart is beating and a nervous system is forming. – At 4 weeks, the embryo is about ¼ inch long and has arm buds, a head, body, and tail. Eyes can be discerned. – At 5 weeks, the nose can be seen.

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 12 Conception to Full Term (cont.) – At 6 weeks, the embryo is a little less than ½ inch long and leg buds can be seen.

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 13 Conception to Full Term (cont.) – At 7 weeks, the embryo is about ¾ inch long and can move its hands. – At 8 weeks the embryo is almost 1 inch long, has a large liver, and bones are forming. – At 10 weeks, the fetus is about 1½ to 2 inches long, the kidneys are making urine, and lower trunk muscles are developing.

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 14 Conception to Full Term (cont.) Second Trimester – At 12 weeks, the head of the fetus is about one-third the size of its outstretched length and the ribs can be seen. Soft, downy hair begins to appear.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 15 Conception to Full Term (cont.) – At 16 weeks, the fetus is about 4½ inches long and weighs 3 to 4 ounces. – At 20 to 24 weeks, the fetus is about 12 inches long, major systems continue to develop, and bones continue to form.

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 16 Conception to Full Term (cont.) Third Trimester – At 26 weeks, the pregnancy begins the third trimester. – At 28 weeks, the fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs about 2½ pounds. Survival is possible if born at this stage. – 38 to 40 weeks – labor begins.

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 17 The Neonate: Birth to One Month Physical Development – weight usually 7 to 9 pounds, and length 18 to 22 inches. – The newborn’s head is large in comparison with rest of body.

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 18 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) – Bones in skull are not fixed, but can slide over one another. This is called molding. – Head has 2 soft spots, or fontanels, which are tough cartilage.

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 19 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) The Skin of the Newborn – Loose, wrinkled, and red. – At birth, hands and feet may be bluish, but will pinken after a few breaths. – Activity, temperature, and circulatory changes during the first few days can affect skin color. – Peeling during the first week is not unusual or harmful. – Vernix caseosa, a white waxy substance, may be found in the folds of the skin.

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 20 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) Other Physical Characteristics of the Newborn: – Eyes – may appear swollen, due to the passage through the birth canal. – Lips – may have blisters from thumb sucking in the uterus. – Breast tissue and genitalia – may appear swollen. – Fists – tightly closed.

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 21 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) – Reflexes – blinking, a normal reflex. Some other reflexes are due to an immature nervous system. – Crying – may be from hunger or other reasons. – Eating – 7 or 8 times a day for the first few weeks. – Sight – infants can see objects within 8 inches of their eyes. – Hearing – seem to prefer high-pitched tones.

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 22 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Newborns will become calm when picked up and held firmly. – Disturbing stimulation is tuned out by sleeping. Social Development – Infants respond to a soft, gentle voice. – Newborns can show excitement and distress.

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 23 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) Aspects of Care: – Keep warm, especially right after birth. – Vitamin K shot given to prevent bleeding. – Medicated eye drops to prevent infection. – Blood sample checks metabolic disorders. – Tepid water sponge baths until the umbilical cord has fallen off.

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 24 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) Feeding – by breast, bottle, or both. Parents must be told about the frequency and duration of the feedings.

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 25 The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.) Treatment of jaundice – make sure the infant is well hydrated with breast or bottle milk. Ultraviolet light may be used, but make sure to protect the infant’s eyes. Blood tests should be done frequently. Arrange follow-up care.

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 26 The Infant: One Month to One Year Physical Development – Weight triples in the first year. – 3 weeks – the infant can focus on objects. – 4 weeks – the infant can follow a bright object with eyes and make eye contact. – 2 months – an infant can follow objects with eyes, listen to sounds, bat at objects, and respond to sound.

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 27 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) Physical Development (cont.) – 3 months – infants may raise head and shoulders while on abdomen. – 4 months – infant can roll from stomach to back, may play with rattle placed in the hand. Teething may begin. – 5 months – may transfer rattle hand to hand. – 6 months – may roll back to stomach, may be able to sit momentarily, can transfer objects hand to hand. Can retrieve dropped object. Two bottom teeth are probably visible.

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 28 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) – 9 months – infant can sit well, creep, build tower with 2 blocks. Infant uses pincer grasp, can put consonants with vowels and make repetitive sounds. – 12 months – child can “cruise” by holding onto the edge of a piece of furniture and moving around. Infant can begin self- feeding. Physical Development (cont.)

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 29 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – 1 month – eye contact. – 4 to 5 months – makes faces. – 6 months – makes babbling sounds. – 9 months – can play peek-a-boo games. – 12 months – can follow simple directions.

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 30 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – 1 month – smiles at another smiling face. – 3 months – smiles spontaneously and displays pleasure in making sounds. – 4 months – vocalizes moods. – 6 months – abrupt mood changes. – 9 months – displays pleasure playing simple games. – 12 months – can express many emotions.

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 31 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) Social Development – 1 month – smiles. – 3 months – responds to voices. – 6 months – “babbles” and is interested in own voice. – 9 months – begins to develop words.

33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 32 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) Aspects of Care: One Month to One Year – Regular health check-ups and immunizations. – Tactile stimulation, such as physical contact and cuddling, as well as attention to needs, is required for appropriate growth and development. – Food – breast milk or formula is sufficient for the first 6 months. Obtain guidance from health care provider about solid foods.

34. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 33 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) Safety – must be considered at all times. Take the following safety measures: – Keep emergency phone numbers available. – Ensure the crib meets federal safety standards. – Use an appropriate car seat. – Do not allow pillows, comforters, or plush toys in bed with the child.

35. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 34 The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.) – Prevent falls. – Prevent choking. – Remove hanging toys from the crib when the child begins to reach, pull, and roll over. – Never leave the child unattended in the car. – Secure and keep out of reach all cords on window blinds, lamps, and electrical equipment. Safety (cont.)

36. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 35 The Toddler: One to Three Years Physical Development – Arms and legs grow faster than the trunk. – Most walk by 15 months, run by 2 years. – At 3 years, they are very agile and active. They can throw a ball, draw simple shapes, and use child’s scissors.

37. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 36 The Toddler: One to Three Years (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Child tries to imitate actions like raking, sweeping, etc. – Speech 12 to 15 months – speaks single words. Second year – makes sentences of 6 to 20 words. Third year – repeats nursery rhymes. – May always ask “Why?”

38. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 37 The Toddler: One to Three Years (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – 1 year – many emotions available. – 1 to 3 years – child gains some control over ways to express feelings. – 18 months to 2½ years – temper tantrums become an issue, child begins to resist authority. – 3 years – child becomes sensitive to the feelings of others and may be characterized as affectionate.

39. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 38 The Toddler: One to Three Years (cont.) Social Development – 1 to 2 years – child unable to play well with others, may be aggressive. – 2 to 3 years – child learns sharing and becomes aware of appropriate behavior when playing with others.

40. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 39 The Toddler: One to Three Years (cont.) Aspects of Care – Work on motor skills with crayons. – Patient explanations and patience provide a positive environment for growth. – Health care monitoring and vaccinations are needed. – Toilet training may be encouraged when child demonstrates signs of readiness.

41. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 40 The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age Physical Development – Height – heredity becomes apparent in variations among children. – Respiratory and heart rates begin to slow. – Bones – begin to ossify. Activity and calcium are important in developing strong bones.

42. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 41 The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age (cont.) – Nighttime bladder and bowel control achieved by 3 to 4 years of age. – Large muscle development should enable the child to navigate stairs using alternating steps. – At 5 years a child can hop, skip, and participate in team sports. Physical Development

43. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 42 The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Nervous system – many connections, called synapses, are made, enabling more skillful play. – Language – great strides are made. Vocabulary may reach 900 words by 3 years, and 1600 by 4 years. At age 5, vocabulary exceeds 2000 words.

44. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 43 The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – 3 years – usually pleasant, enjoys music, has a sense of self. – 4 years – child tests limits, becomes more negative. – 5 years – child should be more self- assured, adjusted, and home-centered. Child can accept some responsibility.

45. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 44 The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age (cont.) Social Development – 3 years – children know what gender they are; they like to “help.” – 4 years – very social. Enjoy games. – 5 years – enjoy games with more rules.

46. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 45 The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years Physical Development – Girls tend to be taller and heavier than boys at this stage. – Bones continue to ossify. – Reproductive systems begin developing slowly. – Postural habits are developed.

47. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 46 The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Progresses from brief attention span to being able to focus for extended periods of time. – Moves from block letters to cursive handwriting. – Speech may differ between peers and adults. – Recognizes time concepts, differentiates between fantasy and reality, and develops a sense of right and wrong.

48. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 47 The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – Parental influence decreases while peer influences increase as child approaches 10 years. – Concerns shift from self to others. – Child may become very sensitive to criticism.

49. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 48 The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years (cont.) Social Development – School becomes very important to the child, along with group activities. – Appropriate social behaviors are learned.

50. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 49 The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen Years (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Physical and psychological changes divert energy from academics. – Child begins to think abstractly and critically. – Exaggeration and fibbing may occur.

51. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 50 The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen Years (cont.) Social Development – Becoming part of a group becomes important. – Girls become interested in male-female relationships earlier than boys.

52. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 51 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years Physical Development – Females attain their adult height and weight, while males continue to grow until age 25. – Poor diet and exercise in this stage can lead to problems later in life. – Education about sexual behavior should be provided by trusted, well-informed adults.

53. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 52 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) Cognitive-Intellectual Development – Reasoning and critical and abstract thinking are developing. Psycho-Emotional Development – Although aware of acceptable behavior, teens are prone to angry outbursts. – Adolescents can feel both alone and conspicuous. – Often, teens feel immortal or invulnerable.

54. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 53 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) Social Development – Teens should learn effective interpersonal skills, resolve conflicts and become comfortable with their style of communicating. – They tend to get involved in community service projects. – They are more comfortable relating to their parents.

55. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 54 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) Problems Faced by Teens – Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa – self-starving, more common in females. Bulimia – binge eating, followed by purging through vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, abuse of diuretics, or excessive exercise.

56. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 55 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) – Substance Abuse Signs Change in personality, friends, health habits, and appearance. Withdrawal from family and group activities. Sliding school grades. At-risk teens are those who have: – Family history of substance abuse. – Low self-esteem. – Depression. – A sense of “not fitting in.”

57. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 56 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) – Violence Poverty is considered a leading cause of violence in teens. Bullying in school is increasingly recognized as a cause of violence. Depressed students may harbor resentment for a long time.

58. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 57 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) – Sexually Transmitted Diseases – STDs that threaten long-term health and well- being include: Chlamydia. Syphilis. Gonorrhea. Hepatitis B. Herpes type II. Papilloma virus. HIV.

59. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 58 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) – Pregnancy – problems associated with teen pregnancy include: Low birth weight. Prematurity. Cesarean delivery. Child abuse. Growing up in poverty.

60. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 59 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) – Suicide – the third leading cause of death for people 15 to 24 years of age. Warning signs include: – Depression. – Anger, directed inward. – Alcohol and/or other substance abuse. – Changes in habits. – Giving away personal possessions. – Giving verbal hints about committing suicide.

61. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 60 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) Actions to take if you suspect someone is contemplating suicide: – Listen. – Take the person seriously. – Get help from a responsible adult. – Do not promise to “keep the secret.” – Never assume it’s “just talk.”

62. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 61 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) Aspects of Care – Provide adequate calcium and weight-bearing exercise. – Provide sex education and information about sexually transmitted diseases. – Encourage friendships, sporting events, and social events. – Listen to them. – Give them the facts.

63. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 62 The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.) Aspects of Care (cont.) – Trust them. – Provide them with firm and friendly discipline. – Be consistent. – Educate them, with their independence in mind. – Set limits and stick to them. – Set examples of good behavior and taste. – Remember how it felt to be an adolescent.

64. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 63 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years Physical Development – Growth has generally stopped, but calcium and regular weight-bearing exercise are still required. – Visual acuity begins to decline, especially depth perception. – Hearing loss may be noted, although it can begin as early as age 14.

65. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 64 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Knowledge acquired through both formal training and on-the-job training. – Critical thinking and reasoning skills are refined.

66. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 65 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years (cont.) Social Development – Young adults establish careers, marriages, families, and homes. – Friendships and relationships may be based more on interests than age. – Contributing to the community becomes important.

67. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 66 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years Physical Development – Females may experience bone loss as early as age 35. Men may not experience it until age 65. – Muscle strength, endurance, and stamina may begin to decline. – Hair may begin to turn gray and thin; wrinkles appear in the skin. – Chronic health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes may surface.

68. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 67 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – The brain begins to decrease in size, due to water loss. – Information processing begins to slow. – The individual is still capable of multitasking, learning new information, and retrieving old information.

69. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 68 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – Many feel a sense of pride and accomplishment in their careers. – Some may experience a sense of loss, known as the “empty nest” syndrome. – An awareness of one’s mortality may be noted.

70. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 69 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years (cont.) Social Development – Caring for an aging parent may lead to stress. – Creative, social, and enjoyable outlets are important.

71. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 70 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five Years and Older Physical Development – The body begins to show physical signs of aging.

72. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 71 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Integumentary System Thinning and wrinkling skin is caused by a decrease in collagen and elastin in the dermis. Atrophy, or degeneration, of the subcutaneous layer of skin is caused by a decrease in adipose tissue. Decrease in melanocytes, which produce pigment and protect against ultraviolet light. Graying, thinning hair and brittle nails. Decreasing inflammatory response, resulting in slower healing.

73. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 72 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Nervous System Slower reaction time and thought processing. Decreased blood flow to the brain, caused by arteriosclerosis. Shortened attention span and difficulty in multi- tasking. Shrinkage of temporal lobes, leading to weaker signals to the brain for processing. Impairment of fine motor activities. Memory loss caused by changes in the brain. Impaired vision and hearing.

74. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 73 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Musculoskeletal System Osteoporosis or decreased bone density. Osteoarthritis or joint disease. Decreased numbers of musculoskeletal fibers.

75. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 74 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Cardiovascular System Decreased cardiac output, especially during exercise. Arteriosclerosis. Postural hypotension or loss of blood pressure when standing or sitting up abruptly. Increased risk of heart disease.

76. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 75 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Respiratory System Some loss of elasticity of the lungs. Calcification of the intercostal cartilage. Increased shortness of breath, caused by the physical changes listed above.

77. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 76 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Genitourinary System Decreased number of nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Reduced tolerance for stress, so the kidneys may respond to disease in other parts of the body. Loss of voluntary control of urination.

78. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 77 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Endocrine System Decreased thyroid function. Loss of estrogen production in females. Decreasing levels of aldosterone, a hormone that has a role in regulating blood pressure. Increased delay in return of cortisol to normal levels after stressful events. Deficiencies in response to insulin by various organs.

79. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 78 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Although information is processed slowly, mature adults can continue to learn. – Long-term memory seems to remain intact; short-term memory may be less acute. – The wealth of knowledge accumulated tends to make mature adults great teachers.

80. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 79 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – Retirement can lead to a sense of loss or grief. – Mature adults must increasingly deal with death, as that of a spouse or friends.

81. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 80 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Social Development – Some mature adults experience an increased spirituality. – Many live in retirement homes or communities. – Grandchildren may become a source of pleasure.

82. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 81 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Aspects of Care – Regular weight-bearing and aerobic exercise should be continued to reduce and prevent bone loss. – A balanced nutritional plan should be maintained.

83. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 82 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Aspects of Care (cont.) – The need for sleep may decrease, but short periods of rest throughout the day may offset the loss. – Social contact should persist. – Regular health and dental checkups should continue. – Individuals should maintain active interests.

84. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 83 Section 7-3 Apply Your Knowledge List some signs of aging. Answers: 1.Thinning and wrinkling skin. 2.Graying and thinning hair. 3.Slower healing. 4.Slower reaction time. 5.Impairment of fine motor activities. 6.Impaired vision and hearing. 7.Decreased bone density. 8.Increased risk of heart disease.

85. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 84 Procedures in Student Text 7AMeasuring the Infant 7BMeasuring Head Circumference 7CMeasuring the Toddler 7DMeasuring the Adult

86. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 85 Chapter 7 Credits Slide 9Neil Harding/Getty Images Slide 10Neil Bromhall/SPL/Photo Researchers Slide 16Neil Harding/Getty Images Slide 21Total Care Programming, Inc. Slide 24Nancy Durrell McKenna/Photo Researchers Slide 29Laura Dwight/Photo Edit (left) & PhotoDisc (right) Slide 33John Fortunato Slide 40Myrleen Ferguson Cate/Photo Edit Slide 41Paul Steel/CORBIS Slide 46Mark C. Burnett/Photo Researchers Slide 54Pictures Unlimited Slide 59CORBIS Slide 61Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit Slide 63Yang Liu/CORBIS Slide 77David J. Sams/Stock Boston Slide 82PhotoDisc Slide 84PhotoDisc Slide 98PhotoDisc