1. The High Middle Ages (ca. 900-1200)

2. Society and Economy The Social Orders The Social Orders Oratores Oratores Bellatores Bellatores Laboratores (SERFS) Laboratores (SERFS)

3. Society and Economy Personal Dependency Personal Dependency Lords and Vassals Lords and Vassals VASSALS served lords VASSALS served lords Lords provided land Lords provided land Lords and peasants Lords and peasants Peasants worked, paid dues Peasants worked, paid dues Status was hereditary Status was hereditary Lords provided necessities Lords provided necessities Reeve, and serfs at work

4. Economy and Society Agricultural Innovations Agricultural Innovations Three-field system Iron plowshare Horses Results Better standard of living Population doubled

5. Economy and Society

6. Society and Economy The Guilds The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans Formed by urban merchants and artisans Nature of guilds Nature of guilds *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations Also social, spiritual Also social, spiritual Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices

7. Society and Economy Engaging in the Economy Engaging in the Economy CREDIT CREDIT Loans Loans USURY USURY

8. Economy and Society

9. Medieval Trade Routes

10. Economy and Society Trade in the Far East Trade in the Far East Mongol Empire encouraged trade Marco Polo (1254-1324) Venetian merchant Present at court of Kublai Khan The Description of the World (ca. 1298) Court of Kubilai Khan

11. Economy and Society Questions? Questions?

12. The Emerging Western States: England England (9th-10th cents.) England (9th-10th cents.) Small kingdoms Small kingdoms Viking raids (9 th cent.)  occupation Viking raids (9 th cent.)  occupation KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r. 871-899) KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r. 871-899) Raised army (878), defeated Vikings Raised army (878), defeated Vikings First king of all English First king of all English King Alfred the Great

13. The Emerging Western States: England Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great Winchester, United Kingdom

14. The Emerging Western States: England The Bayeux Tapestry (ca. 1070-80) The Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-1066) died childless Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy The Norman Conquest William and Normans invaded England Victorious at BATTLE OF HASTINGS (1066)

15. The Emerging Western States: England William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1089) William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1089) First Norman king of England Distributed lands among family, Norman barons “Domesday Book” (1086): census, inventory

16. The Emerging Western States: England 2010

17. The Emerging Western States: England Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) Origins: King John’s conflict with France Origins: King John’s conflict with France The document The document Defined rights, obligations of nobility Defined rights, obligations of nobility King John forced to sign King John forced to sign Major point: king is not above law! Major point: king is not above law!

18. The Emerging Western States: France

19. The Emerging Western States: Germany Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Many principalities, under an emperor Many principalities, under an emperor Princes governed independent states Princes governed independent states Emperors Emperors Claimed highest authority Claimed highest authority Had to respect princes’ rights Had to respect princes’ rights A decentralized monarchy A decentralized monarchy

20. The Emerging Western States: Spain Christian Spain Christian Spain Muslim power weakened Christian princes seized opportunity RECONQUISTA Christian reconquest of Islamic Spain Result: Christian Iberian states emerging

21. The Emerging Western States: Spain Questions? Questions?

22. The Church and Christianity

23. Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”) The “Papal Monarchy” The “Papal Monarchy” Papal States Papal States The Curia The Curia Papal Court, Rome Papal Court, Rome COLLEGE OF CARDINALS COLLEGE OF CARDINALS EXCOMMUNICATION EXCOMMUNICATION

24. The Church and Christianity The Great Schism (1054) The Great Schism (1054) Eastern and Western Churches at odds Eastern and Western Churches at odds Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) Greek and Latin Churches ex- communicated each other Greek and Latin Churches ex- communicated each other

25. The Church and Christianity The Investiture Conflict (1075-1076) The Investiture Conflict (1075-1076) Pope Gregory VII prohibited lay investiture Pope Gregory VII prohibited lay investiture Emperor Henry IV opposed him, appointed new archbishop Emperor Henry IV opposed him, appointed new archbishop Gregory’s response Gregory’s response Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Henry submitted Henry submitted

26. The Church and Christianity John vs. Innocent John vs. Innocent POPE INNOCENT III (r. 1198-1216) POPE INNOCENT III (r. 1198-1216) Clashed with King John over new archbishop of Canterbury Clashed with King John over new archbishop of Canterbury Innocent excommunicated John Innocent excommunicated John John submitted John submitted Innocent III

27. The Church and Christianity

28. The Crusades The Crusades Origins Origins Turks were threatening Byzantium Turks were threatening Byzantium Emperor petitioned pope for aid Emperor petitioned pope for aid Council of Clermont (1095) Council of Clermont (1095) First Crusade (1095-99) First Crusade (1095-99) Force of 50-60,000  Holy Land Force of 50-60,000  Holy Land “Pilgrimage” “Pilgrimage” Victory  Crusader States Victory  Crusader States Siege of Antioch

29. The Church and Christianity Other Crusades Other Crusades Because Christians lost ground in Holy Land Because Christians lost ground in Holy Land Third Crusade (1189-92) Third Crusade (1189-92) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Another crusade  failure Another crusade  failure Crusades over by 1300 Crusades over by 1300 Saladin

30. The Church and Christianity The Franciscans The Franciscans Francis of Assisi (ca. 1182-1226) Francis of Assisi (ca. 1182-1226) Son of cloth merchant Son of cloth merchant Conversion experience  poverty Conversion experience  poverty Franciscans (1215) Franciscans (1215) Friars Friars Poverty Poverty Preached penance Preached penance Served lepers and poor Served lepers and poor Francis of Assisi

31. The Church and Christianity Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi

32. The Church and Christianity The Dominicans The Dominicans Dominic Guzman (1170-1221) Dominic Guzman (1170-1221) Spanish missionary Spanish missionary Disillusioned by Church’s preaching methods Disillusioned by Church’s preaching methods Preach as seen in Gospels! Preach as seen in Gospels! Dominicans (1216) Dominicans (1216) Friars Friars Preaching on foot Preaching on foot Teaching Teaching Intellectual Order Intellectual Order

33. The Church and Christianity Medieval Heresy Medieval Heresy Numerous heretical groups Numerous heretical groups The Church’s response The Church’s response Preaching Preaching Medieval Inquisition (1231) Medieval Inquisition (1231) Guide heretics to recantation, penance Guide heretics to recantation, penance Variety of penalties Variety of penalties

34. The Church and Christianity Medieval Spirituality Medieval Spirituality The Eucharist The Eucharist Sacrament of the Mass Sacrament of the Mass TRANSUBSTANTIATION TRANSUBSTANTIATION The Virgin Mary The Virgin Mary Widespread cult Widespread cult Rosary Rosary Corpus Christi Procession

35. The Church and Christianity Questions? Questions?

36. Culture and Society The University The University Organization of master and students Organization of master and students Specialization Specialization Students Students Clerical status Clerical status Grouped into “nations” Grouped into “nations” More intimate groups students live in More intimate groups students live in Provided protection, connection, legislation Provided protection, connection, legislation

37. Culture and Society Classroom Setting Classroom Setting Lectures considered best method of teaching Books very expensive! Master’s role Read excerpt of text Commentary Refute objections Students’ role: commit it all to memory!

38. Culture and Society Scholasticism Scholasticism From rediscovery of Aristotle From rediscovery of Aristotle Scholastics Scholastics Used logic to explain knowledge Used logic to explain knowledge Faith and reason are harmonious! Faith and reason are harmonious! THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-74) THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-74) Dominican Dominican Summa Theologica Summa Theologica

39. Culture and Society Dante Alighieri Vernacular Literature Vernacular Literature Latin: language of Church, academia VERNACULAR Vernacular literature Chanson de Roland (12 th cent.) Beowulf (ca. 1000) The Divine Comedy (1313-21)

40. Culture and Society “Leaning Tower,” Pisa (1053-1272) Romanesque Architecture Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches Massive stone churches Sculpture on exterior Sculpture on exterior Round arches Round arches

41. Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse (1070-1120), France Exterior

42. Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse, Interior

43. Culture and Society Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture Pointed arches Stained-glass windows Flying buttresses Chartres Cathedral (1145-1220), France

44. Culture and Society Chartres Cathedral Interior Stained-Glass Window, Chartres Cathedral

45. Culture and Society Women during the High Middle Ages Women during the High Middle Ages Still a man’s world! Still a man’s world! Rulers were mostly male Rulers were mostly male Women excluded from universities Women excluded from universities Guilds run by men Guilds run by men Significant roles for women? Significant roles for women? Noblewomen Noblewomen Convents Convents

46. Culture and Society Female Rulers Female Rulers Women were lords, vassals Women were lords, vassals Owned property Owned property Had vassals Had vassals War, politics War, politics ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE (1122-1204) ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE (1122-1204) French landowner French landowner Wife and mother of kings Wife and mother of kings Patroness of troubadours Patroness of troubadours Eleanor of Aquitaine

47. Culture and Society Eleanor of Aquitaine in Robin Hood (2010)

48. Culture and Society Women and the Church Women and the Church Only role: convent Clare of Assisi (1194-1253) Loyal disciple of Francis Formed Order of Sisters of St. Francis (1212) Sisters worked alongside friars  later cloistered Clare of Assisi

49. Culture and Society Questions? Questions?

50. The High Middle Ages The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Progress? Progress? Innovation? Innovation? Developments? Developments?