2. Cotton Diplomacy Cotton Diplomacy – Confederate attempt to use the importance of southern cotton to British textile industry to convince the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War. Southerners believed they could use cotton to lure England and France into recognizing the Confederacy.

3. The Battle of Bull Run The First Battle of Bull Run was the first real major conflict of the American Civil War. The battle proved that this was not going to be a one sided war for either side, as was predicted. The casualties soared to 2,900 killed, wounded, captured, or missing for McDowell's army and 2,000 for Beauregard's. The battle spurred a sense of victory in the South, pushing them on, and in the North a feeling for revenge.

4. A Shock for the North The outcome of the First Battle of Bull Run shock the North. The Northerners started to realize that this war was going to be long, difficulty and costly. Lincoln called for more volunteers. An army was created that would later play a major factor in the East. They were known as the Army of the Potomac. George McClellan was chosen to head the Army of the Potomac.

5. The Blockades President Lincoln issues a Proclamation of Blockade against Southern ports. For the duration of the war the blockade limits the ability of the rural South to stay well supplied in its war against the industrialized North. Blockade runner – ship that sails into and out of a blockaded area.

6. The Resignation of Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States Army. "I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children." Lee then goes to Richmond, Virginia, is offered command of the military and naval forces of Virginia, and accepts. Robert E. Lee was chosen as the commanding general of the Confederacy.

7. Battle of Hampton Roads The Battle of Hampton Roads was the first battle between ironclad warships. The two ironclads fought for about three hours, with neither being able to inflict significant damage on the other. The duel ended indecisively, Virginia returning to her home at the Gosport Navy Yard for repairs and strengthening, and Monitor to her station defending Minnesota. The ships did not fight again, and the blockade remained in place.

8. The Confederate Ironclad Ship CSS Virginia was a steam-powered ironclad warship of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. It was built as floating battery using the remains of the scuttled USS Merrimack in 1862.

9. The Union Ironclad Ship USS Monitor was an ironclad warship commissioned by the United States Navy.

10. Civil War: Did You Know? Did you know that President Lincoln’s favorite tune was “Dixie”?

11. The Battle of Shiloh The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War in southwestern Tennessee.

12. The Battle of Shiloh… At 5:00 on Sunday morning of April 6, 1862, 40,000 Confederate soldiers in three battle lines were set in motion toward the unsuspecting Union camp at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River. By 10:00am they had driven through the camps of three Union divisions, sending the surprised blue-clad soldiers reeling back toward the river. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss's Union division was pushed back almost a mile and took up a good defensive position on high ground along a sunken road. Other units formed on either side of it in an attempt to slow the Confederate onslaught. Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant looked over the new and ordered Prentiss to "maintain that position at all hazards."

13. Continued… By now Johnston had been killed, and Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of the Rebel forces. He massed 62 cannon at point-blank range and at about 4:00pm began a bombardment with shell and canister that was like "a mighty hurricane sweeping everything before it." The Hornets' Nest exploded under the fire, but still Prentiss and his men held on, their lines bending back into a horseshoe shape as more and more pressure was applied to their flanks. By 5:30 they were completely surrounded and being attacked on all sides. Unable to do any more to obey Grant's order, Prentiss ordered cease-fire and surrendered his remaining 2,200 men. However, his gallant defense had given Grant the time he needed to construct a new line to the rear.

14. The Overview of the Battle of Shiloh Confederate forces under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard launched a surprise attack against the Union Army of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and came very close to defeating the Union Army.

15. The Fall of New Orleans Shortly after their victory at Shiloh, the Union, led by Gen. David Farragut captured New Orleans. New Orleans was captured by the Union giving them control of part of the Mississippi River.

16. How did the capture of New Orleans by the Union hurt the Confederacy? The Confederacy lost their largest port. It made getting supplies from Europe more difficult. It closed the mouth of the Mississippi River. It split the confederacy in half.

17. Peninsula Campaign The Peninsula Campaign was a major Union amphibious operation launched in southeastern Virginia whose turning movement intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.

18. The Counter-Attack of the Peninsula Campaign The Seven Days Battles was a series of six major battles where General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, away from Richmond.

19. Second Battle of Bull Run The Second Battle of Bull Run was the most decisive battle in the Northern Virginia campaign for the Confederates.

20. Civil War: Did You Know? General Nathan Bedford Forrest, CSA, had twenty-nine horses shot from beneath him during the war years.

21. What happened there? In order to draw Pope’s army into battle, Jackson ordered an attack on a Federal column that was passing across his front on the Warrenton Turnpike on August 28. The fighting at Brawner Farm lasted several hours and resulted in a stalemate. Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him. On August 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against Jackson’s position along an unfinished railroad grade. The attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties on both sides. At noon, Longstreet arrived on the field from Thoroughfare Gap and took position on Jackson’s right flank. On August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field. When massed Confederate artillery devastated a Union assault by Fitz John Porter’s command, Longstreet’s wing of 28,000 men counterattacked in the largest, simultaneous mass assault of the war. The Union left flank was crushed and the army driven back to Bull Run. Only an effective Union rearguard action prevented a replay of the First Manassas disaster. Pope’s retreat to Centreville was precipitous, nonetheless. The next day, Lee ordered his army in pursuit. This was the decisive battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign.

22. The Battle of Antietam The Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle to take place on Northern soil and was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties.

23. The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. These orders did not end slavery; that happened on December 18,1865 with the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. Lincoln issued the first, or preliminary, of the two executive orders on September 22,1862; it stated that if the rebels did not end the Civil War and rejoin the Union by January 1,1863, then all slaves in the Confederacy would be free. Lincoln issued the second order, January 1,1863, as the nation approached its third year of a bloody and expensive civil war. This proclamation named the specific states to which the order applied.

24. What was the Emancipation Proclamation and How did it benefit the Union’s war efforts? The Emancipation Proclamation was Abraham Lincoln’s declaration that ended slavery in the South. - It made it ok for Union Soldiers to free slaves as they went through the South. - It prevented Britain and France from send aid because it would make them look like they supported slavery. - Allowed freed slaves to fight on the side of the Union.

25. The Civil War Drafts The Union and the Confederacy armies instituted the first federal military draft in American history during the Civil War. In the wake of military losses and a shortage of soldiers, the Union resorted to a federal draft in March 1863, almost a year after the Confederacy. President Lincoln signed The Enrollment Act on March 3, 1863, requiring the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between ages twenty and forty-five. Federal agents established a quota of new troops due from each congressional district.

26. The Enrollment Act The Enrollment Act was a Union draft order passed on March 3, 1863, during the Civil War. The controversial act required the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between ages twenty and forty-five.

27. The Enrollment Act The policies of substitution and commutation were controversial practices that allowed drafted citizens to opt out of service by either furnishing a suitable substitute to take the place of the drafted, or paying $300. Both of these provisions were created with the intention of softening the effect of the draft on pacifists and the anti-draft movement. The result however was general public resentment of both policies. These two practices were major points of contention among the general public and led directly to the slogan "rich man's war, poor man's fight."

28. The Effect of the Enrollment Act Because of the criteria of the Enrollment Act, riots broke out in various cities. The most notable riots occurred in New York City. The New York Riots were the largest civil insurrection in American history.

29. How was the draft detrimental to the immigrants and the poor in both the North and South? - In the South plantation owners were exempt from fighting. - a citizens could opt out of service by furnishing a suitable substitute to take his place or Citizens could pay $300, which the poor could not pay. - required the enrollment of every male immigrant who had filed for citizenship between ages twenty and forty-five.

30. The Battle of Chancellorsville The Battle of Chancellorsville was won by the Confederacy when Robert E. Lee split his army and attacked a surprised Union army in three places. Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was fatally wounded in the Battle of Chancellorsville.

31. How was the Confederate victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville positive and negative for the South? - The Confederates stopped the Union march towards Richmond. - General Lee was able to defeat a much larger army by splitting his army. - General Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded by friendly fire.

32. Vicksburg Campaign The Vicksburg Campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg, Mississippi, a fortress city that dominated the last Confederate- controlled section of the Mississippi River.

33. Civil War: Did You Know?  Many of the Southern men already knew how to shoot a gun from hunting. The Northern men tended to work in factories and many didn't know how to fire a gun.

34. The Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg was the Union’s turning point victory that halted Lee’s advances northward. The Battle of Gettysburg saw more soldiers killed than any battle of the Civil War.

35. How did the Campaigns in Vicksburg and Gettysburg effect the South? - In Vicksburg, the Union captured the last Confederate-controlled section of the Mississippi River. - In Gettysburg, the Union stopped General Lee’s advances in the North.

36. The Battle of Chickamauga The Battle of Chickamauga marked the end of a Union offensive in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia. The battle was the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater of the American Civil War and the battle with the second highest number of casualties in the war (following Gettysburg).

37. Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant was chosen as the commanding general of the Union.

38. The Battle of Chattanooga The Battle of Chattanooga was the point in the Civil War that opened the doorway for the Union forces to invade into the deep South at the last moment for making possible the capture of Atlanta This happened in time to influence the 1864 congressional and presidential elections.

39. Why was the victory in Chattanooga so important to the Union? The victory opened the doorway for the Union forces to invade into the deep South. It also help get Abraham Lincoln re- elected due to showing the advancement of the Union army into the South.

40. The Siege of Knoxville The eighteen-day siege of Knoxville was stemmed because General Bragg, commander of the Army of Tennessee, desired to divert troops from the Federal army holding the city of Chattanooga.

41. Civil War: Did You Know?  Only 1 in 4 Southern farmers owned slaves, but it was the rich and powerful farmers who owned them.

42. The Wilderness Campaign The Wilderness Campaign was an operation led by General Grant to capture Richmond. He encountered General Lee in a dense thicket known as The Wilderness.

43. The 54 th Massachusetts The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an African-American infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

44. Who were the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment and why were they important? - They were the first official black unit in the Union army. - they triggered the recruitment of many black soldiers into the Union army.

45. Cold Harbor The Battle of Cold Harbor, one of the final battles of Gen. Overland Campaign was one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles.

46. The Road to the End Grant and Lee battle desperately for control over the small city of Petersburg - the vital railway hub for the confederate capital - Richmond. Grant repeatedly attempts to encircle the city and, after nine months of bloodshed he completes the encirclement. Lee's starving army tries to escape, heading west toward Appomattox Court House where they are finally surrounded and forced to surrender.

47. The Siege of Petersburg Union forces besieged Petersburg for 9 months. Union forces were well supplied. Confederate forces could barely find food to eat. Finally, with their numbers dwindling due to desertions, and with Sherman's forces approaching from the south, Lee attempted a break out. It failed miserably, and on April 2nd, Union forces soon assaulted the Confederate lines. The Army of Virginia was forced to withdraw from both Petersburg and Richmond..

48. The Atlanta Campaign. The Atlanta Campaign was a series of battles fought in throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta during the summer of 1864. With the siege of Atlanta, the North’s morale was growing. However, the Confederates morale was on the decline.

49. The March Begins Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman invaded Georgia from the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, beginning in May 1864, opposed by the Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston. Johnston's Army of Tennessee withdrew toward Atlanta in the face of successive flanking maneuvers by Sherman's group of armies. In July, the Confederate president replaced Johnston with the more aggressive John Bell Hood, who began challenging the Union Army in a series of damaging frontal assaults. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, hastening the end of the war.

50. The March to the Sea The March to the Sea was General Sherman’s march from Atlanta to Savannah where he destroyed everything in his path.

51. How was General Sherman’s “March to the Sea” hurtful to the South? As Sherman and the Union Army marched through the South hurt the Confederacy: -Burning Crops -Killing Livestock -Consuming supplies -Burning Cotton Gins, Mills, and Houses -Damaging Railroad Systems

52. The Re-election of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election of 1864.

53. Civil War: Did You Know?  During Sherman's March to the Sea, the Union soldiers would heat up rail road ties and then bend them around tree trunks. They were nicknamed "Sherman's neckties".

54. The Fall of Fort Fisher The fall of Fort Fisher effectively closed the fort to Confederate shipping and eliminated the last major seaport available to blockade runners.

55. The Fall of Richmond To keep the capital of the Confederacy from falling to the hands of the Union, the Confederates burned most of the city of Richmond.

56. What did the Confederates do when the Union army was close to capturing Richmond? - President Davis, his cabinet, and the Confederate defenders left. - Fire was set to bridges, the armory, and warehouses.

57. The Surrender The Confederates surrendered to the Union at Appomattox Courthouse. Jefferson Davis was later arrested in Georgia. The war was officially over.

58. The Death of a President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Andrew Johnson became president after the death of Abraham Lincoln.

59. Civil War: Did You Know?  Lincoln dreamed of getting assassinated only a few days before he was killed by John Wilkes Booth.