1. Brain Structure 02.04.2016

2. Nervous System Central Nervous System BrainSpinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia

3. Brain Forebrain Cerebral Cortex Basal Ganglia Limbic System Brain Stem Hindbrain Midbrain Diencephalon

4. Meninges of Central Nervous System Meninges – protect and cover brain and spinal cord 1.Dura mater 2.Arachnoid membrane Subarachnoid space 3. Pia matter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opfC4JIUPd0

5. Meninges of Peripheral Nervous System 1.Dura mater 2. Pia mater

6. Brain Ventricles Two lateral ventricles (1 st and 2 nd ventricles) 3 rd ventricle 4 th ventricle Cerebral aqueduct connects 3 rd and 4 th ventricle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm-TsqsgCHc

7. Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Protection 1.reduce pressure (absorbs shock) 2.nutrition 3.waste removal Extracted from blood Manufactured by choroid plexus (in ventricles) Manufactured and reabsorbed continuously Reabsorbed into blood stream https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asQo6cmOjd0

8. Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord

9. Brain – Gross Structure Cerebral cortex: Gyrus “Bump” on the brain’s surface Sulcus Fold / groove between gyri Fissure A long, deep sulcus

10. Lobes of the Brain

11. Functional Brain Areas

12. Cerebral Cortex Divided into two hemispheres – Connected by corpus callosum Left hemisphere – Verbal, verbally mediated processes, analytical, sequential information processing Right hemisphere – Non-verbal, holistic, simultaneous information processing

13. Corpus Callosum Largest white matter tract Connect corresponding parts of cortex in R and L hemispheres – Anterior – Posterior – Body

14. Corpus Colostomy To prevent spread of epileptic activity Split brain (Roger Sperry 1913-1994): – Can not name image in left visual field – Can not name object touched by left hand – Personality, intelligence, emotions intact https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zx53Zj7EKQE

15. Forebrain

16. Basal Ganglia Multiple subcortical nuclei Main functions: motor control, eye movements, motivation

17. Basal Ganglia Parkinson’s disease Loss of Dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra Neurodegenerative disease Motor symptoms: – Tremor – Bradykinesia (slow movement) – Rigidity – Postural instability – Dysarthria, difficulty swallowing Cognitive symtoms: – Cognitive slowing, micrographia – Distractability, disorganization, forgetfulness, difficulty planning – Depression, apathy, anxiety https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wg9ExKwZy4

18. Basal Ganglia Huntington’s disease Striatum Neurodegenerative genetic disorder Motor symptoms: – Uncontrollable jerky movements – Lack of coordination – Unsteady gait Cognitive symptoms: – Memory, executive functions impairment – Anxiety, depression https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HgFUvVyHYQ

19. Limbic system Group of cortical and subcortical structures Main functions: memory, emotions, arousal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDlDirzOSI8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNx9m54fjao

20. Limbic System (functions of some structures) Hippocampus Learning new memories (transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory) Spatial memory Amygdala Emotions (fear, anxiety) Prepare body for emergency reactions Attention Autobiographical memory (in particular, emotional memories) Social processing (in particular, recognition of emotions in others) Thalamus Subcortical sensory relay Hypothalamus Hormones production

21. Diencephalon Thalamus – relays sensory and motor signals to cortex, regulates consciousness, sleep, alertness Hypothalamus – part of endocrine system, links nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland Four F’s

22. Brain Stem

23. Hindbrain 1. Metencephalon – Pons Varolii – cranial nerves for equilibrium, hearing, taste, facial sensation& expressions – Cerebellum – movement coordination 2. Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) - cranial nerves (VI-XII) -IV ventricle 3. Reticular formation - activation

24. Midbrain, Mesencephalon Tectum: – Superior colliculi - vision – Inferior colliculi - hearing Tegmentum - Movements Reticular formation - arousal

25. Spinal Cord Bell-Magendie Law Roots = bundles of axons Dorsal roots –Axons entering spinal cord –Carry sensory information Ventral roots –Axons exiting spinal cord –Carry motor information Dorsal = Toward the back Ventral = Toward the stomach

26. Signal Transmission from and to the Spine

27. The Cranial Nerves 12 pairs of nerves (Left and Right) –Connect brain to receptors and muscles of head and internal organs –Originate in nuclei (groups of neurons) in brain Functions –Sensation and movement in head –Parasympathetic nervous system

28. The Cranial Nerves Number and NameMajor Functions I.OlfactorySmell II.OpticVision III.OculomotorControl of eye movements, pupil constriction IV.TrochlearControl of eye movements V.TrigeminalSkin sensations from most of the face; Control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing VI.AbducensControl of eye movements VII.FacialTaste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; Control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the head’s blood vessels VIII.Auditory/Vestibuloc ochlear Hearing, equilibrium IX.GlossopharyngealTaste and other sensations from throat and posterior 1/3 of the tongue; Control of swallowing, salivation, throat movements during speech X.VagusSensations from neck and thorax; Control of throat, esophagus, and larynx; Parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines, and other organs XI.Spinal AccessoryControl of neck and shoulder movements XII.HypoglossalControl of muscles of the tongue

29. The Cranial Nerves