1. World War I

2. Section 1

3. World Map Pre-WWI

4. Europe in Early 1900s No major wars for about 100 years  Napoleonic Wars ended in 1915  Europe at peace Idea of Progress  If a war were to happen it would be short  Optimism comes from technological advances

5. Factors that Led to War Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliance System

6. Nationalism Devotion to ones culture and one’s nation  Similar to being a football fan Many European countries have citizens of multiple different ethnic groups  Usually lived in the same areas together  Countries wanted control of land filled with their people  i.e many ethnic Serbians living in Austria-Hungary Big issue in the Balkans

7. Imperialism Countries trying to build an empire  Extending their influence over various smaller nations  Provided raw materials and goods to the ruling nation Germany growing as an imperial leader

8. Militarism Development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy Making plans for a war no one wanted to have Each nation trying to have the strongest military  Army – Germany  Navy – Great Britain  Germany trying to catch up

9. Alliance System Countries pledge support to members of their alliance in the event of an attack Triple Entente  France, Great Britain, Russia Triple Alliance  Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

10. Great Britain Stable, Democratic Government Superior military/Navy Trade dominated economy

11. France Republic Industrial leader Major power Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)  Germany created  Fall of French Empire  France has to give back lands to Prussia (Germany)

12. Germany Recently unified nation Great military power Industrial leader Otto von Bismarck  Unified Germany  Sought peace in Europe Wilhelm II  Power hungry, not a good leader  Drops Russia as an ally

13. German Kingdoms

14. Schlieffen Plan German plan for if war broke out Old Theory  War would start in Russia New Theory  If there is a war, France will be in it from the beginning  Russia is potentially dangerous, but slow  Defeat France then turn to Russia

15. Austria-Hungary “Dual Monarchy” In a “splendid decline”  Living in the past Full of diverse ethnic groups Wanted land in the Balkans

16. Serbia Strong nationalist feeling Sought an empire  Wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina  These were territories in Austria-Hungary Pan-Slavism  Unity of all the Slavic peoples  Serbia felt the Russians were their cousins  Should back them up

17. Ottoman Empire In decline since the mid 19 th Century Losing lands and territories Kept Russia in check Young Turks  Revolutionary group, take control in 1908

18. Russia Behind most of Europe  Medieval until end of 17 th Century  Serfdom ends 1869 Had industrial revolution before agricultural revolution Wanted to limit outside ideas Nicholas II (1894-1917)  Last Czar Unstable

19. Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany Austria-Hungary Italy  Not required to fight France Great Britain Russia Alliances Pre-War

20. Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia Serbia stirring up trouble in Austria-Hungary Serbia wildcard  Cocky due to support from Russia Austria-Hungary wanted land around Serbia The Balkans known as the “powder keg of Europe”

21. Archduke Franz Ferdinand Imminent heir to throne of Austria-Hungary Visits Sarajevo with his wife  Capital of Bosnia Assassinated June 1914  Gavrilo Princip  Member of the Black Hand Society Serbian Nationalist Group Austria-Hungary gives Serbia ultimatum  Russia declines to backup Serbia  Serbia agrees to most of the ultimatum July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia  Expected to be a short war

22. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

23. Austria-Hungary Serbia Germany  Tells France not to fight  Declares war on France, Russia, and Belgium  Belgium neutral  August 3, 1914 Russia mobilizes  Hoped Austria-Hungary would back down Great Britain  Declares war on Germany  August 4, 1914 Countries Pick Sides

24. War Begins Germany invades Belgium  On the way to France  Takes For of Liege in 4 days Allies set up along the Marne River (France)  Dig trenches and stand their ground

25. The Font Lines

26. New Technologies Machine Guns Trench Warfare  No Man’s Land  Full of disease Tanks  Initially unreliable  Don’t know the proper way to use them  Help neutralize trenches Poison Gas  Created by Germans  Gas Masks Airplanes  Not a factor until later in the war  Eddie Rickenbacker  Originally fought with pistols  Drop bombs

27. Machine Gun

28. Trench Warfare

30. Tanks

31. Poison Gas

32. Airplanes

33. The Allies The Central Powers Great Britain France Russia (till 1917) United States (1917-1918) Italy Serbia Japan Australia New Zealand Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Alliances During War

34. First Battle of the Somme July 1, 1916 – November 18, 1916 Fought in trenches  Neither side gains any ground First use of the tank British casualties  426,000  60,000 on the first day French casualties  194,000 German casualties  650,000

35. First Battle of the Somme

36. America Declares Neutrality Continue to trade openly Many immigrants from countries fighting in the war  Still had ties to their homelands Sympathetic towards the Allies  Americans similar to Englishmen  Stronger trade with the Allies Isolationism

37. Eastern Front Central Powers more successful Turks ally with Central Powers Gallipoli Peninsula  Allies want to open a path to take Constantinople  Would crush the Turks  First amphibious landing attempt of the war  Dardanelles  Anzac troops  Lasted 8 months  Major victory for the Ottoman Empire

38. Gallipoli

39. War at Sea Largest Navy’s  (1) Great Britain, (2) Germany, (3) United States U.S. trading with Europe still  Germany declares waters around Great Britain submarine war zone  Britain sets up blockade around German coast U-Boats  “Under Sea Boats”  Effective against cargo ships  Could not follow traditional Naval Warfare

40. War at Sea

41. Sinking of the Lusitania British passenger line Secretly carrying munitions  Great Britain denies Sunk by a German U-Boat  May 7, 1915  Off the coast of Ireland 1,198 killed  128 Americans Americans outraged

42. Sinking of the Lusitania

43. Sussex Pledge (1916) U-Boat sinks French passenger ship  The Sussex U.S. threatens to break off relations with Germany Germany pledges to no longer use U-Boats  Tells U.S. to get Great Britain to lift it’s blockade Break the pledge in 1917

44. Battle of Jutland May 31 – June 1, 1916 Naval battle between Germany and Great Britain  Largest of the war Off coast of Denmark Germany wants to break British blockade Tries to lure British fleet into a trap  Lure British ships to chase a small German fleet  Surprise attack with full German fleet Great Britain victorious

45. Battle of Jutland (P)

46. Zimmermann Note Arthur Zimmerman  German ambassador to Mexico Proposed alliance between Mexico and Germany  Would support them if U.S. joined the Allies Help Mexico “reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona”

47. America Enters the War Wilson sends German ambassador home  “Let us be done with diplomatic notes. The hour to act ahs come” April 2, 1917  Asks Congress for declaration of war  “The world must be made safe for democracy” April 4, 1917  Congress declares war

48. Wilson Declaring War

49. Section 2

50. America Mobilizes Standing army only 200,000 men  Few officers had combat experience Selective Service Act (May 1917)  End of 1918 24 million men register  3 million added to the military Mass production  Shipyard workers exempt from the draft  July 4, 1918 U.S. launches 95 ships  U.S. Chamber of Commerce  Encourages shipyard work  Government takes private ships and convert them for war

51. America Mobilizes

52. American Propaganda

53. America in Europe War is dragging on  Became a war of attrition Germany trying to win quickly  Makes peace with U.S. provides a shot in the arm for the Allies  U.S. troops fight under American command Convoy system  Cuts in half losses from U-Boat attacks Navy sets mines in North Sea Prevents capture of Paris Go on the offensive

54. Famine in Europe (P)

55. Americans Join 2 million U.S. troops sent overseas  400,000 African American troops  Segregated units  8 month training period in U.S. and Europe  17 hour training days Army Corps of Nurses  13,000 women join noncombat positions American Expeditionary Force (AEF)  General John Pershing  Aggressive combat

56. American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

57. Sergeant Alvin York Blacksmith from Tennessee Conscientious objector  Did not want to kill  Joins anyways October 8, 1918  Kills 25 Germans  Captures 132 others  Almost by himself  Only had a rifle and a revolver

58. Russian Revolution Influenced by Karl Marx’s ideas Poor agricultural people 1917 strikes in St. Petersburg Set up provisional government Vladimir Lenin  Exiled to Switzerland  Smuggled into Russia by Germany  Bolshevik  Kills off royal family (July 16, 1918)  Leads Red Army in Civil War  Victorious

59. Romanov Family