1. Ch 11 Sec 3
Waging Total War
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

2. Quick Facts about WWI Years spanned-1914-1918 US enters in 1917
Russia drops out in 1917
War ends on November 11, 1918.
Allies vs. Central Powers
US joins the Allies.
John Bull the British version of Uncle Sam
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

3. Size of European Armies
Nation
Size of army in 1914
Total number of soldiers who fought during the war.
Austria-Hungary
3,000,000
7,800,000
Belgium
117,000
267,000
Britain
975,000
8,905,000
France
4,017,000
8,410,000
Germany
4,500,000
11,000,000
Italy
1,251,000
5,615,000
Romania
290,000
750,000
Russia
5,971,000
12,000,000
Serbia
200,000
707,000
Turkey
210,000
2,850,000
Conscription necessary to raise such large armies.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

4. America Takes a Neutral Stance
Just after the war began, President Wilson declared that the US would stay neutral.
Wilson’s response to the war reflected the long-standing American tradition of isolationism-a policy of not being involved in the affairs of other nations.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

5. Financially the US was NOT Neutral
The US was supplying the Allies.
By 1917 Britain was purchasing nearly $75 million worth of war goods from American businesses each week.
Due to the British Blockade it made it difficult to sell goods to the Germans.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

6. Why Does the US enter the War?
Germany was practicing Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
-Germany did this as a response to the British Blockade.
-May 1, 1915 the Lusitania was sunk (12,000 die-128 were Americans).
Link
Link
18 Minutes of terror pt 1
18 minutes of terror pt 2
95th anniversary of sinking, survivor interview
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

7. Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

8. Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

9. Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

10. US enters cont.
-Wilson warned Germany to back off-they did somewhat & agreed to only attack supply ships.
-However, less than a year later Germany sinks the Sussex-killing about 80 people. Wilson threatened to end diplomatic relations with Germany. Germany feared we would enter the war and agreed to the Sussex Pledge.
-Germany would resume USW on February 1, 1917.
Sussex was a French cross channel ferry.
The ensuing crisis stemmed from the 25 American civilian casualties (out of a total of 80 casualties, including 50 fatalities) who were on board the Sussex.  The torpedoed ferry nevertheless managed to limp onwards, towed to the French port of Boulogne.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

11. More Reasons why the US enters:
The Zimmerman Note-Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to Mexico proposing an alliance. If Mexico would declare war on the US, the Germans would help them later. Mexico had no interest in fighting & the plan backfired. Britain also intercepted & decoded the note & gave it to the US.
Russia fell into Revolution in March-it became questionable how long they would stay in the war.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

12. Add Zimmerman note images
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

13. The Final Straw
Mid-March 1917, German U-boats sank 3 American merchant ships.
April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany.
April 6, 1917 the US joins the war on the side of the Allies.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

14. Americans in Europe
May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act
New recruits went through intensive training.
The American soldiers who went overseas formed the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) - led by Pershing.
SSA - required men between the ages of 21 & 30 to register for the draft
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

15. Mass Production 4 Major steps were taken:
1) Shipyard workers were exempted or delayed from the draft.
2) The importance of shipyard work was emphasized.
3) Fabrication techniques were used.
4) The gov’t took over commercial & private ships & converted them for war use.
In addition to the mass army that had to be raised & trained, the US had to find a way to transport men, food & equipment over thousands of miles of oceans.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

16. America Turns the Tide of the War
America convinced Britain to try the Convoy System- this technique was successful, by fall of 1917 shipping losses had been cut in half.
The US Navy also set up a 230-mile barrier of mines to keep the Germans out of the Atlantic-by early 1918 Germany was suffering heavy losses.
One of the biggest contributions made by US soldiers was their enthusiasm & readiness to fight-the Allied soldiers were exhausted from 2 and a half years of fighting.
Convoy system: heavy guard of destroyers escort merchant ships
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

17. Major Battles 1st Battle of Marne, Sept. 1914
-Allies halted the German advance & saved Paris from occupation.
Battle of Gallipoli, April-Dec. 1915
-Failed attempt of the Allies to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war.
Battle of Somme, July-Nov. 1916
-First major offensive for the British, staggering loss of life.
The Battle of Tannenberg, Aug 1914
-Russia’s worst defeat in WWI
1st Battle of Ypres, Oct-Nov. 1914
-Last major German offensive until 1914
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

18. Battle of Verdun
the longest and one of the bloodiest engagements of World War I. February 1916 – December 1916
Two million men were engaged.
The intention of the Germans had been a battle of attrition in which they hoped to bleed the French army white.
In the end, they sustained almost as many casualties as the French; an estimated 328,000 to the French 348,000.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war

19. The Collapse of Germany
November 3, 1918 A-H surrendered to the Allies.
November 9-socialist leaders in the capital, Berlin, established a German republic. The kaiser gave up the throne.
Germany was too exhausted to keep fighting so on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 Germany signed the armistice.
November 11, 1918 WWI is over.
Armistice: an agreement to end fighting
Nov 3, That same day German sailors mutinied against German authority-mutiny spread quickly.
Ch 11 Sec 3 Waging total war