1. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » Federal policy maker support for a cap and trade (or similar) approach to solving problem. » Wall Street and broader industry support for same. Figure E-1: Public Perception Issues to be Addressed Regarding Integrity of Scheme Stakeholders and Roles GovernmentCan connect interested stakeholders All sectorsShould be involved as stakeholders Applications » Measuring GHG budget “in my backyard” » Public education and PSA campaigns Impacts » Federal policy maker support for a cap and trade (or similar) approach to solving problem. » Wall Street and broader industry support for same. Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Elevate the visibility of key science thought leaders. » Refine the message so it resonates with each audience. » Leverage industry and government tech leaders to make this message real. » Cisco, MS, Google, GE, Boeing, AT&T, NASA, NOAA, DOD, DOE, economists » 1) national security, 2) economic, 3) environmental Pathway 1.Race among tech leaders to build and communicate better models (1-3 years) 2.Establish robust forum to enable collaboration among a broader range of sectors (1-3 years) Short Description: Establish a public education campaign targeted at policy makers, constituents, and industry

2. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » Improved research leads to improvements in public perception that markets can be created credibly » Research focus areas should include: » Modeling » Carbon sequestration » Developing more academic and institutional capacity for research Figure E-2: Lack of political action by Congress and other policy makers Stakeholders and Roles GovernmentCan connect interested stakeholders All sectorsShould be involved as stakeholders Applications » Measuring reliably all GHG emissions and offsets, regardless of geography, sector, sink, or source Impacts » Creates a solid foundation for credibility and ultimately a cap and trade (or similar) regime Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Public support and perception improvements could lead to support and action by policy makers Pathway 1.Establish universal methodologies, metrics, and standards – 4-10 years 2.Developing a technology infrastructure and supporting systems/programs that provide acceptable accuracy at an acceptable cost – 4-10 years 3.Establish financial models based on GHG emissions (i.e., price of carbon) – 4-10 years Short Description: Lack of political action by policy makers

3. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » Understanding carbon behavior in terrestrial biosphere » Oceans’ role within ecosphere Figure E-3: Funding for science and measurement tech Stakeholders and Roles Public-private partnerships with high-tech multinationals and government agencies. Scientific validation and verification is the role. Applications » None listed. Impacts » Aligning science with the remedies. Scientists have lost grip of the fast-moving policy underway internationally, but need to get back on track. Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Connectivity at global/regional/local scales » Communication of data » Atmospheric modeling Pathway 1.National commitment 2.Dedicated funding 3.Strategic within timeline and goals 4.Dedicated role for validation Short Description: To get scientific data at temporal and geospatial scales to support climate policy, i.e., market-based mechanisms to combat climate change at scale.

4. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » To support a fully functioning and fungible carbon market and allow for comparison of metrics and linkages between programs/countries, etc. » Set of methods to determine uncertainty Figure E-4: Levels of accuracy/certainty suitable for the market Stakeholders and Roles GovernmentConvene stakeholders and gain consensus Applications » None listed. Impacts » Accurate quantification related to GHG emissions » Harmonized approach » Cost reduction and broader incentives to enter market and participate in funding » Interoperability and linkages of schemes Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » No standardization across sectors, programs, borders, etc. » Different levels of uncertainties for different sectors » Methods of determination of uncertainty are not always developed or appropriate » Inherent scientific uncertainty vs allowable margin of error Pathway 1.Review, compare and contrast existing methodologies 2.Develop uncertainty calculation methods, user testing, stakeholder vetting 3.Disseminate harmonized, streamlined guidance 4.Inform policy makers/government Short Description: Appropriate measurements and accuracy levels of uncertainty/accuracy

5. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » Maintain functioning verification scheme for GHG markets that significantly engages the public- private verifier community—maximize outsourcing Figure E-5: Scalable Systems of Governance at Regional, National, and International Levels Stakeholders and Roles Government Market actors Technical/GHG community Academia Public Applications » GHG Markets Impacts » Fungibility of units across schemes » Market integrity » Quality assurance » Risk mitigation (perception and environmental and financial integrity) Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Developing standards that are flexible to regional/national circumstances. Ensuring that the sanctity of the standard/measurement is upheld with appropriate oversight/governance Pathway 1.Initial standards making/development 2.National/international governance institutions Short Description: How to ensure a consistent application of standards.

6. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » All CO 2 emissions are equal Figure E-6: Measuring Biological Systems Stakeholders and Roles Collaboration between government, NGOs, private sector to build consensus and standardize across sectors Applications » Quantification Impacts » Lack of market integrity and acceptance Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Standardizing the quantification and calculations across programs and borders » All tones are not created equal! Pathway 1.Research, innovations, compare current methodologies/technologies 2.Pilot initiatives, market testing, applications, public perception 3.Terrestrial sequestration research Short Description: Lacking accurate and appropriate measurement and calculation/quantification technologies within the agricultural sector

7. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » Reduce costs for the market and reductions » Increase confidence » Harmonize different sectors and markets » Making the market deliver the objectives of climate mitigation Figure E-7: Shortage of quality baselines and emissions factors Stakeholders and Roles Academia Industry Regulators Standards organizations UNFCCC Applications » None listed Impacts » Reduce costs for the market and reductions » Increase confidence » Harmonize different sectors and markets » Making the market deliver the objectives of climate mitigation Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Complexity and diversity » Emission factors were not developed for trading » Information uncertainty Pathway 1.Review and assess the existing emission factors 2.Targeted measurements to develop improved baselines and factors 3.Develop protocols for the use of the baseline and factors Short Description: None provided

8. Carbon Markets Performance Targets/Goals: » Sufficient academic infrastructure for research and training » Sufficient enabling institutions/government infrastructure » Sufficient monitoring capacity » Sufficient HR Figure E-8: Global Capacity-building for GHG MRV Stakeholders and Roles Academia Government Standards developers (e.g., WRI and ISO, offsets) National inventory community Carbon market experts Civil Society Industry Applications » GHG markets » Policy/policy making » Treaties » Industry Impacts » Building capacity will mitigate the risks of policy failure » Smooth implementation » Allow functioning GHG markets » Assure public and market/policy actors Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Limited institutional capacity » Limited corps of skilled practitioners » Diffuse/disorganized research activities » No clear training pathway » Unclear policy signals » Inconsistent capacity across developed/developing world Pathway 1.Academic infrastructure (research focus) 2.Training (MRV focus) near 3.Funding (infrastructure) 4.Enabling government infrastructure (e.g., facilitating standards development) Short Description: GRG MRV is a new field facing significant challenges as it scales up to meet/address the challenge of climate change.