1. Gender Speech Styles among the Malagasy Anth 4 / Waters

2. Malagasy: the Primary Ethnic Group and National Language of Madagascar  Two types of speaking styles exist: 1) Resaka: daily, informal speech (men & women) 1) Resaka: daily, informal speech (men & women) 2) Kabary: used in religious rituals and formal activities (men only) 2) Kabary: used in religious rituals and formal activities (men only)  Both (generally) reflect norms & values emphasizing non-confrontational, non-argumentative behavior  Commands include passive, rather than active, voice

3. Gender-specific Speaking Styles  Kabary is used in male competitions to criticize others (indirectly) and gain social prestige  Women are excluded from kabary displays but have freedom to violate norms of non- confrontation using resaka  Wives make public accusations and criticisms on behalf of husbands (who remain silent and aloof)  Women’s style: direct, open, confrontational Men’s style: indirect, subtle, non-confrontational

4. Different Speaking Styles Reflect Differences in Status  Women dominate situations where directness is necessary, men dominate where indirectness is desirable  Men: everyday speech follows norms and use of kabary is viewed as prestigious, and associated with learning, skill and artistry  Women: achieve important goals with their speech style (e.g. settling disputes), but don’t receive prestige by either gender