PLANNING AREA OPERATIONS

PLANNING AREA OPERATIONS
Reconnaissance Surveillance Leaders Course

Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Prepare for operations Conditions: Given a classroom environment, one PI and all training aids Standards: Be able to successfully plan and execute LRS missions during the STX and FTX while attending the RSLC

Risk Assessment Level:
Safety Requirements: Classroom: in case of fire go out either door and meet at the student barracks. Risk Assessment Level: Classroom (LOW) Environmental Considerations: None. However, take out any trash you brought with you into the classroom.

Agenda Planning Phases Troop Leading Procedures RSLC MDMP
-Mission Analysis -COA Development -COA Analysis (Wargame) -COA Comparison -Decision Brief Order Production Duties and responsibilities in planning RSLC OPORD expectations Planning considerations

Planning The mission accomplishment and survival
of LRS teams depends largely upon how detailed and thorough their mission planning process was executed. Failure to plan for the smallest contingency can be disastrous. In order to insure the highest probability of mission success and survivability LRS teams must conduct extensive planning during the isolation phase of the mission.

Evaluation You will be evaluated on your ability to conduct mission planning during RSLC. The STX is a non-graded event however, it is up to you to ensure that you fully understand all aspects of planning and execution prior to moving forward to the FTX. Your practical applications of Isolation procedures and Planning will determine if your patrol is a GO or a NO GO.

Background Up to this point you have gone over Commo,
VID, Intel, and Operational techniques. None of these tasks can be accomplished without detailed planning and execution. LRS teams must properly plan and prepare for the mission.

Mission Planning Purpose: Define mission which your unit is being asked to accomplish and determine courses of action to achieve this mission.

5 Phases of Operation Planning phase Insertion/Infiltration phase
Execution phase Exfiltration/Extraction phase Recovery phase

Planning Phase Begins at the Receipt of the Mission
Ends after Final Inspections

Infiltration Phase Begins after the final inspection is completed
Ends at the security halt for the objective rally point/tentative hide site

Execution Phase Begins at the security halt for the objective rally point/tentative hide site Ends with the dissemination of information

Exfiltration Phase Begins after the dissemination of information
Ends at the start of the debrief

Recovery Phase Begins at the start of the debrief
Ends when the next warning order is issued

Mission Planning Timelines
Compressed – 24 hours or less Normal hours Extended- up to 72 hours

Enabling Learning Objective
Action: Implement Troop Leading Procedures Conditions: Given a LRS team, ISOFAC, Mission Packet, and all required Information Standards: Implement TLPs IAW FM 7-93.

Troop Leading Procedures
Receive the mission Issue the warning order Make a tentative plan Initiate movement Conduct reconnaissance Complete the plan Issue the order Supervise REF FM 7-8

Receive the Mission The leader receives the mission in a warning order, an operation order, or a fragmentary order format. He immediately begins to analyze it using the factors of METT-TC. The team immediately conducts a Mission Analysis of the order and the MPF.

Confirmation Brief Confirmation Brief is routinely performed by a subordinate leader immediately after receiving an order. Subordinate leaders brief the higher commander on their understanding of his intent, their specific tasks and purpose, and the relationship between their unit’s mission and the other units in the operation. REF FM 101-5

Confirmation Brief (Example)
General enemy situation Task and purpose (mission statement) Commander’s intent (broader purpose) General specified tasks (SOR) Key times Limitations and Constraints Initial concerns

Issue the Warning Order
The leader provides initial instruction in a warning order. The leader issues the warning order with all the information he has available at the time. He provides updates as often as necessary. The leader never waits for information to fill the format.

Warning Order A preliminary notice of an order or action which is to follow. The Warning Order has no specific format. One technique is to use the five paragraph OPORD format. The order should be brief, but complete. REF FM 101-5

Warning Order Format Situation (enemy, friendly, road to war)
Mission (5 W’s) General Instructions (task org, equip common to all, weapons, time schedule) Special Instructions (special equip, Guidance to ATL, actions at ISO-terrain model, supply issues, time hack)

Initial Inspection Conducted shortly after receipt of the warning order. Ensures Team has the proper equipment and it is serviceable prior to departing for Isolations Facility (ISOFAC).

Receive the mission Issue the warning order Make a tentative plan (“Estimate & MDMP”) Initiate movement Conduct reconnaissance Complete the plan Issue the order Supervise REF FM 7-8

Make a Tentative Plan The leader develops an estimate of the situation to use as a basis for his tentative plan. The estimate is the military decision making process (MDMP). It consists of several steps to be discussed later.

Initiate Movement The unit may need to begin movement while the leader is still planning. This step could occur any time during the troop leading procedures.

The Estimate of the Situation
This is the army’s decision-making process. It helps the leader determine his mission, understand his situation, and select the best course of action to accomplish his assigned responsibilities. Leaders use the estimate for every tactical decision. The estimate is a continuous process. It is only through the estimate process that the leader can make the proper decision. The estimate has five steps. REF FM 7-10

MDMP Steps 1. Mission Analysis 2. COA Development
3. COA Analysis (Wargame) 4. COA Comparison 5. Decision

MDMP Troop Leading Procedures 1. Receive The Mission
2. Issue the Order 3. Make a Tentative Plan 4. Initiate Movement 5. Conduct Recon 6. Complete the Plan 7. Issue the OPORD 8. Supervise Mission analysis Cdr intent 2 levels up Specified and Implied tasks Facts and Assumptions -Friendly -Enemy (IPB) -Terrain (IPB) -Time Mission essential task Restated mission statement Estimate/MDMP 1. Mission analysis 2. *Analyze Sit. & Develop COAs 3. Analyze COAs (Wargame) 4. Compare COAs 5. Decision METT-TC Mission Terrain (OAKOC) Enemy Troops Time Civilians Review OAKOC/MCOO Doctrinal Template, SITTEMP Enemy MPCOA, MDCOA Event Template Detailed Planning and Operational Timelines Planning Steps: 1. Receive the Mission 2. Conduct Mission Analysis 3. Give Mission Analysis Brief to Team 4. Conduct in depth IPB and analysis of METT-TC 5. Develop COAs (Reasonable, Feasible, Distinguishable) 6. Analyze the COAs using the COA Criteria and a quick War Game. Rate each COA without comparing them yet. Steps Cont.: 7. Compare the COAs using the COA Matrix and select the best COA 8. Brief the Cdr; after approval, thoroughly war game the COA to identify all contingencies and alternate plans. 9. Complete the plan and Issue the Team OPORD 10. Rehearse, Include rehearsals for all contingencies identified. 11. Prepare for and conduct the Final Briefback 12. Conduct Final Inspections/PCIs

Mission Analysis 1. Mission and Intent of Two Levels Higher
2. Conduct Initial (but thorough) Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) (MCOO and templates) 3. Determine Specified and Implied Tasks Review CCIR (PIR, IR, SIR, SOR; FFIR; and EEFI) Review Guidance: COA, E&R, Abort Criteria, Critical Events, No-Commo, etc. 4. Identify Mission Essential Task(s) 5. Review Assets Available 6. Determine Constraints and Limitations

Mission Analysis (Continued)
7. Identify Critical Facts & Assumptions 8. Conduct Risk Assessment (Determine Acceptable Risk) 9. Determine Initial Reconnaissance Requirements and Required Coordination 10. Plan Use of Available Time Planning Timeline Operational Timeline 11. Write the Restated Mission 12. Conduct the Mission Analysis Briefing (at minimum team internal)

Types of Tasks Specified tasks Implied tasks Mission essential tasks

Specified Tasks Are specifically assigned to units by its higher headquarters. They are derived primarily from the execution paragraph of the mission planning folder, but they may be found elsewhere. i.e. (the mission statement, commander’s intent, coordinating instructions, overlays, time schedules, or annexes) *Every specified task should be identified and recorded.

Implied Tasks Implied tasks are not specifically stated in the MPF, but they are tasks that must be performed to accomplish specified tasks. Example: Specified Task is “Report” all SOR - select SS site to facilitate reporting of SOR - conduct optics rehearsals - conduct commo rehearsals - memorize all SOR - etc.

Mission Essential Tasks
Essential tasks are specified or implied tasks that define mission success and apply to force as a whole. If a task must be successfully completed for the LRS team to accomplish its purpose, it is an essential task. The mission statement can be derived from the essential tasks.

PLANNING (OPORD Development)
Paragraph 2: T, P, 5Ws Operation Surveillance Observe Locate Detect Determine Identify Evaluate Confirm Deny Report Recon Locate Detect Determine Identify Confirm Deny Report Pinpoint Target Aqt Mark Locate Detect Identify Pinpoint BDA Verify Evaluate Confirm Deny Report Measure T A S K

Mission Analysis Worksheet
Specified Tasks: (mission, intent, task to maneuver, coordinating instruction, annexes) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Mission Essential Task: Implied Tasks: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

Facts: Friendly- (unit locations, range of fire support and type, partisan, equipment, classes of supply) Enemy- (DOCTEMP, weapons, uniforms, fire support, equipment, etc.) Terrain- (MCOO, soil composition, line of sight, type of camo, etc.) Time- (critical times, time to infil, duration of mission, time to exfil, light data) Assumptions: Friendly – (CAS, FS, NGF, evac support, partisan, etc.) Enemy- (SITEMP, EVENTEMP, etc.) Terrain- (stand-off, camo, support of movement, effects of weather, etc.) Time- (estimated times of movement, tentative timeline, etc.)

Facts that hinder execution: Issues: Re-stated Mission Statement:

Practical Exercise Mission Analysis

Mission Analysis 3 Execution.
Commander’s Intent – Support JTF Ranger Operations in restoring territorial control - Report all specific orders and requests (SOR) indicators of the enemy command/control, logistical networks and massing of combat power Concept of the operations. The purpose of this operation is to gather information on enemy locations, capabilities, and massing of combat power. Decisive to the operation is the ability of the teams to report their SOR immediately and accurately. This is decisive because it will set the conditions for JTF Ranger to conduct offensive operations and neutralize the threat. We will execute this operation in 5 phases; planning, insertion/infiltration, execution, exfiltration/extraction, and recovery. Maneuver. Tm 1 conducts reconnaissance and surveillance to report the disposition and composition of the enemy command and control NLT JUL03 vicinity (NAI 13) grid GL to support future JTF Ranger operations Fires refer to annex B Tasks to maneuver units. TM1 a Confirmation Brief will be conducted immediately after det order b plan insertion by UH-60 air land or FRIES c plan alternate insertion by vehicle d occupy subsurface hide and surveillance sites e BPT conduct call for fire mission and BDA on the CFF f BPT to extract by vehicle, link-up or SPIES

Conduct Reconnaissance
If time allows, the leader makes a personal reconnaissance to verify his terrain analysis, adjust his plan, confirm the routes and time any critical movements. When time does not permit, the leader must make a map reconnaissance. Sometimes the leader must rely on others to conduct the reconnaissance. * (Reconnaissance is actually conducted during the IPB process in planning)

5 Minute Break

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB)

What is IPB? “The systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and environment in a specific geographic area.” FM This definition is straight from the book. Of interest to note is the “systematic and continuous process.” IPB never stops because we always deal with a fluid situation with unlimited variables. It is not enough to produce all the IPB products and then say, “I’m done.” The work is never done because something is always changing. While the threat is key in IPB, understanding the environment in which one must fight is a must to ensure success….often the climatic conditions can over shadow the enemy force itself….consider the hostile desert conditions which US and Coalition forces had to contend with during the 1991 Gulf War… o the tremendous requirements for water to prevent heat casualties, o the impact on equipment maintenance and operations, o sand too fine to be contained in normal sand bags, o and also the cultural mores of the host nation government, to name a few. Understanding the environment of a certain geographic area and its impact on both friendly and enemy operations is equally important as understanding the enemy. NOTE: For discussion, consider whether IPB is a military art or science. Or, compare the definition of IPB with Sun Tzu’s “Know the enemy and you need not fear a hundred battles.” Has something changed?

Why do we conduct IPB? Understand the battlefield
Reveal enemy capabilities and vulnerabilities Predict enemy courses of action Plan mission execution Not just enemy!

Who Conducts IPB? Everyone conducts some form of IPB
Intelligence personnel prepare detailed IPB products tailored to functional areas Engineers are the terrain experts; use the Terrain Team (Division level & above) All LRS team members need to understand and apply IPB during the mission planning process

put together the best possible plan
Objective of IPB To help the LRS team put together the best possible plan in the time available.

IPB 4-Step Process 1 2 3 4 DEFINE THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT
DESCRIBE THE BATTLEFIELD’S EFFECTS IPB DETERMINE THREAT COAs EVALUATE THE THREAT 3 4 4-Step Process

1 DEFINE THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT IPB Step 1

Define the Battlefield Environment
Area of Interest (AI) Identify significant characteristics of the environment Identify the limits of the AO Establish limits of the AI Evaluate databases and identify intelligence gaps Collect intel required to conduct remainder of IPB PL BAT PL CAT XX XXX XXX Area of Operations (AO) XXX

Identify Significant Characteristics
Geography Population Political or socioeconomic Infrastructures Rules of Engagement OPFOR Capabilities

Not always a linear battlefield!
Area of Operations Assigned by higher Defined by boundaries Of sufficient size to allow completion of mission Where the commander is given authority and responsibility to conduct military operations Not always a linear battlefield! X II Area of Operations

Area of Interest Geographic area from which information and intelligence are required to execute successful operations Includes any threat forces or characteristics of the battlefield environment that will significantly influence accomplishment of the team’s mission. Area of Interest Area of Operations

Evaluate Existing Databases and Identify Intelligence Gaps
Mission Planning folder Maps Imagery Climatology Future Weather Forecast Historical Data Company OPORD S2/G2/J2/C2 Intelligence database

Intelligence Gap Information that is critical to the accomplishment of the mission, but not available for use at the present time. Starts initial list of : RFIs RIIs Intelligence Requirement

Questions???

Check on Learning 1. What are the four steps of IPB?
2. What is an area of interest? 3. What is an area of operations? 4. What is Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield?

IPB Step 2 1 2 DEFINE THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT DESCRIBE THE
BATTLEFIELD’S EFFECTS IPB Step 2

Step Two: Describe the Battlefields Effects
Terrain Analysis Analyze the Military Aspects of Terrain Classify Terrain Weather Analysis Military Aspects of Weather Evaluate the Weather Effects on Military Operations Enemy and Friendly

Describe the Battlefield’s Effects
Analyze the battlefield environment Terrain analysis Weather analysis Analysis of other characteristics Effects on threat and friendly capabilities and COAs

Military Aspects of Terrain Evaluate Terrain’s Effects
Terrain Analysis Map Recon Recon AO / AOI Military Aspects of Terrain Evaluate Terrain’s Effects

Military Aspects of Terrain
O bstacles A venues of Approach K ey Terrain O bservation and Fields of Fire C over and Concealment

Obstacles Any natural or manmade terrain features that stop, impede, or divert military movement (both ground & air). Examples: buildings, steep slopes, rivers, lakes, streams, swamps, forests, deserts, jungles, cities, minefields, trenches, wire obstacles, etc.

Obstacles (cont.) Factors to consider are:
Vegetation (tree spacing, trunk diameter) Surface drainage (width, depth, velocity, slope & height) Surface materials (soils type & conditions that affect mobility) Surface configuration (slopes that affect mobility) Transportation systems (bridges, slopes, & road width) Effects of actual or projected weather Integrating the above factors into a single product = Combined Obstacle Overlay (COO)

Graphic Representations
Combined Obstacles Overlay (COO) - Vegetation - Surface Drainage - Obstacles - Lines of Communication (LOCs) - Weather Effects Overlay

Combined Obstacle Overlay
Vegetation Surface Drainage Other Obstacles COMBINED OBSTACLES

Terrain Classification
Unrestricted Restricted Severely Restricted

Unrestricted Terrain Terrain free of any restriction to movement
Nothing needs to be done to enhance mobility Allows wide maneuver by forces Unlimited travel supported by developed road networks

Restricted Terrain Hinders movement to some degree
Difficulty moving in combat formations Difficulty transitioning from one formation to another Moderate to steep slopes/ poorly developed road systems

Severely Restricted Terrain
Severely slows movement in combat formations Requires Engineer assets or tactical deviation Steep slopes / densely spaced objects Little or no road support

Terrain Classifications
Are NOT absolute Reflects only its relative impact on force mobility Remember lessons from history: Hannibal crossing the Alps German attack through the Ardennes U.S. scaling the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc

Avenues of Approach An air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path. Determination should consider: Access to key terrain & adjacent avenues Degree of canalization & ease of movement Use of concealment & cover Use of observation & fields of fire Sustainability Directness to the objective Developed by identifying, categorizing, & grouping Mobility Corridors (normally, two echelons below your element).

Mobility Corridors Areas where a force will be canalized due to terrain constrictions. Relatively free of obstacles Allows military forces to capitalize on the principles of mass and speed “Building blocks” for determining Avenues of Approach I BN MC CO MC Threat or Friendly

Mobility Corridor Minimum Widths
(Both Friendly & Threat) Division km Bde / Regt km Battalion 1.5 km Company 0.5 km (From FM )

Avenue of Approach O B J LEGEND: CO MC BN MC Severely Restricted

Key Terrain K Any locality or area where the seizure, or retention of which, affords a marked advantage to either combatant. Offensive: Forward of friendly positions Ensures required threat destruction / evacuation Threat obstacles / Fields of fire Defensive: Good observation / Fields of fire over avenues of approach Cover obstacles by fire Road junctions / Lines of communication

Key Terrain vs Decisive Terrain
Any locality or area, where the seizure or retention of which, affords a marked advantage to either combatant. Decisive Terrain Key terrain that has an extraordinary impact on the mission; Relatively rare; will not be present in every situation; Successful accomplishment of the mission (Offense or Defense) depends on seizing or retaining it; Commander designates to communicate its importance.

Observation & Fields of Fire
Observation - the ability to see the threat either visually or through the use of surveillance. Fields of Fire - the area that a weapon or group of weapons may effectively cover with fire from a given position. Evaluation allows you to identify: potential engagement areas, “fire sacks”, or “kill zones” defensible terrain & specific system or equipment positions where maneuvering forces are most vulnerable to observation & fire

Observation & Fields of Fire (cont.)
Useful tools: LOS analysis (FALCON VIEW) Range fans (Individual / Unit) Shaded relief or elevation tinting (Terrain Team)

Cover & Concealment Concealment - protection from observation.
Cover - protection from the effects of direct & indirect fires. Evaluation of Cover & Concealment aids in identifying: defensible terrain & potential battle positions approach routes potential assembly & dispersal areas

Cover & Concealment (cont.)
Methods for determining: Map recon (Individual / Unit) Ground or Air recon (Unit) Satellite photos (Terrain Team or S2) Area studies (Terrain Team or S2) LOS analysis (FALCON VIEW)

Evaluate Terrain’s Effects on Military Operations
Engagement Areas / Ambush Sites Battle Positions Immediate / Subsequent Objectives Assembly / Dispersal Areas OPs / LZs / DZs / FARPs EA KILL l OBJ TAA DZ ROCK

Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO)
A graphic product used to reflect the results of terrain analysis and the battlefield’s effects on military operations. Begin with the Combined Obstacle Overlay and consider adding: Cross-country mobility classifications (Unrestricted, Restricted, & Severely Restricted) Avenues of approach & mobility corridors Countermobility obstacle systems Defensible terrain Engagement areas Key terrain

MCOO O B J K K LEGEND: K EA DOG EA CAT EA CAT Key Terrain
Severely Restricted Engagement Area Minefield Restricted

NOTE: Ensure all graphics & symbols are listed in the Legend.
MCOO Symbols Unrestricted Terrain Restricted Terrain Severely Restricted Terrain Built-up Areas Battle Position Mobility Corridors (Red) Air Avenues of Approach (Red) Ground Avenues of Approach (Red) K EA Rivers & Lakes (Blue) Engagement Area (Orange) Key Terrain (Purple) Railroad Tracks NOTE: Ensure all graphics & symbols are listed in the Legend.

Weather Analysis Use USAF Weather Teams at Division, Corps, & EAC
Analyzes weather’s direct effects on terrain Integrates climatic, forecast, & current weather into terrain analysis Provides detailed info on weather’s effects on unit equipment If no Team at your level, request support from Higher Headquarters Weather Analysis and Terrain Analysis are inseparable Two Steps to weather analysis: Analyze the military aspects of weather Evaluate the weather’s effects on military operations

Military Aspects of Weather
Visibility Wind Precipitation Cloud Cover Temperature & Humidity

Visibility Reduced Visibility:
Provides concealment Favors the Offense Impedes R & S Hinders target acquisition

Light Data The amount of Available Light is a major factor in evaluating Visibility. Date BMNT SR SS EENT MR MS %Illum

Wind Strong Wind: Reduces visibility Limits airborne and aviation ops
Hinders communications Impacts smoke and chemical ops

Precipitation Heavy Rain or Snow can impact on:
Trafficability Visibility Electro-optical Systems

Cloud Cover Degrades Target Acquisition Limits Aviation Ops
Limits Illumination Limits Solar Heating Hinders IR-guided Weapon Systems

Temperature & Humidity
Extremes of Temperature and Humidity: Reduce personnel and equipment capabilities Reduce aircraft payloads Create logisitical problems

Weather’s Effects on Military Operations
Evaluate the weather’s effects on: Personnel Equipment Military Operations Revise weather effects on Terrain Analysis as the weather changes Focus on the effects of the weather rather than the weather itself Weather has both direct and indirect effects on military operations. Assessing the impact of weather’s effects on military operations is a continual requirement as the weather is constantly changing. It is far more important to understand the Effects of the WX on military operations rather than the WX itself! NOTE: It may be difficult to graphically show the impacts of weather on terrain and military operations so use of a matrix may be the better solution.

Analysis of “Other Characteristics” of the Battlefield
Aspects of battlefield environment not considered in terrain and weather analysis Consider each characteristic and then its impact on military operations (just as before) Examples: Logistics infrastructure Population demographics Economics Politics & Government

Questions???

Check on Learning 1. What are military aspects of terrain?
2. What is restrictive terrain? 3. What are the military aspects of weather? 4. What is the difference between a COO and a MCOO?

Practical Exercise #1 Action: Construct a COO and MCOO.
Condition: Given a classroom environment, a Fort Benning 1:50,000 map, protractor, Intelligence Handout and permanent markers. Standard: Complete in 60 minutes and brief to the class upon completion.

IPB Step 3 1 2 3 DEFINE THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT DESCRIBE THE
BATTLEFIELD’S EFFECTS IPB EVALUATE THE THREAT 3 Step 3

Evaluate the Threat How? Update or Create Threat Models
Identify Threat Capabilities

Threat Models Consist of: Doctrinal Templates
Description of preferred Tactics and Options Identification of High Value Targets Should include: Standard graphic control measures Description of typical tasks to subordinates Quality of training on each task Employment considerations Contingencies, sequels, failure options, & wildcard variations Strengths & weaknesses Doctrinal templates are scaled graphic depictions of threat normal deployments for a standard operation unconstrained by the effects of the battlefield environment. The model Describes the Tactics of the major units portrayed on the template with typical timelines and phases of the operation and the activities of the different BOS. The BOS should be described in sufficient detail to allow later Identification of HVTs and HPTs. The model will also Describe the Options available to the threat should the operation fail (branches) or subsequent operations if it succeeds (sequels). A correctly constructed Threat Model should include those things listed on the slide.

HVTs vs. HPTs High-Value Target
Assets the Threat Commander requires for the successful completion of a specific course of action. High-Payoff Target A target whose loss to the threat will contribute to the success of the friendly course of action.

High-Payoff Target List High-Value Target List High-Payoff Target List
HVTs vs. HPTs High-Payoff Target List C2 Artillery EA NORTH OBJ High-Value Target List C2 Artillery Bridging Assets EA SOUTH High-Payoff Target List C2 Artillery Bridging Assets

Questions???

Check on Learning 1. What is a doctrinal template?
2. Where are OPFOR TTPs found? 3. What is a high value target?

IPB Step 4 1 2 3 4 DEFINE THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT DESCRIBE THE
BATTLEFIELD’S EFFECTS IPB DETERMINE THREAT COAs EVALUATE THE THREAT 3 4 Step 4

Determine Threat Courses of Action
HOW? Identify the Threat’s likely Objectives and Desired End State Identify the full set of COAs available to the Threat Evaluate and Prioritize each COA Develop each COA in the amount of detail time allows Identify initial collection requirements OBJs & Desired End State of: OBJs & Desired End State of: X XX looks at ARMY DIV BDE BN looks at DIV BDE BN CO

Identify the Full Set of COAs available to the Threat
? CONSIDER ? COAs the Threat believes appropriate to the current situation COAs that could significantly influence your mission COAs indicated by recent activities and events

Does the COA Meet the Criteria?
Suitability Feasibility COA Criteria Will it accomplish the objective? Can he do it? Acceptability Uniqueness Are the risks and resources worth it? Is it significantly different? NOTE: Each COA must be consistent with Threat doctrine!

Evaluate & Prioritize each COA
MEETS COA CRITERIA? DECEPTION OPERATION? STRENGTHS? WEAKNESSES? THREAT’s RECENT ACTIVITY? COA THAT MINIMIZES RISK? DECISIVE POINTS? FITS BEST TO BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT? COA OFFERS GREATEST ADVANTAGES?

Each COA Must Answer: WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHY?

Situation Template ENEMY COAs Enemy SOP for Fighting (Threat Model)
FIRE SAC Battlefield Environment’s Effects (MCOO) ENEMY COAs FIRE SAC

SITEMP COA Descriptions
Earliest Time of Execution Time Phase Lines Likely Threat Commander’s Decisions H+1 H+2 H+3 H+4

Time Phase Lines (TPLs)
Based on threat doctrinal rates of movement Adjusted for terrain, weather, & actual combat movement Assist in tracking the threat and directing collection assets H+1 H+2 H+3 H+4

Event Template EVENT TEMPLATE Sitemp 1 Sitemp 2 Consolidated Sitemp 2
1 & 2 1 2 2 NAI 3 NAI 1 NAI 2 EVENT TEMPLATE NAI 4

Practical Exercise #2 SITTEMP
Action: Construct and brief a situation template course of action. Condition: Given a classroom environment, Fort Benning 1:50,000 map, protractor, Intelligence Handout and permanent markers. Standard: Construct a standard enemy SITTEMP in 60 minutes.

Questions???

Review Step 1 – Define the Battlefield Environment
Step 2 - Describe the Battlefield Effects Step 3 - Evaluate the Threat Step 4 - Determine Threat Course of Action

BOTTOM LINE IPB helps the TL and the rest of the LRS team put together the best possible plan in the time available.

Mission Analysis Questions?

NAI Analysis Usually, the team can only observe a portion of the NAI
The commander must direct the team to observe a portion of the NAI The team develops COAs to support the commander’s directives / guidance Use the reverse planning method Focus on the mission essential task (SOR at NAI); Plan in reverse from the NAI.

The NAI (FM 34-8) What Do We Expect To See? Why Is It Important? 301
How Long Do We Look? When Do We Expect To See It? NAI: A point or area along a particular avenue of approach through which enemy activity is expected to occur. Activity or lack of activity within an NAI will help confirm or deny a particular enemy COA. FM

COA Development Determine decisive point and time to focus combat power Determine results to be achieved at the decisive point to accomplish the mission Determine the purpose to be achieved by main and supporting efforts Determine the essential tasks for subordinate units to achieve their purpose(s) Task organize to accomplish each mission Assign C2 headquarters Complete a generic task organization Establish control measures that clarify and support the accomplishment of the assigned mission Prepare a COA statement and sketch. FM 7-10

COA Qualities Suitable - Must accomplish the mission and comply with the commander’s guidance. Feasible - Unit must have the capability to accomplish the mission in terms of available time, space, and resources Acceptable - Operational advantage gained by executing the COA must justify the cost in resources, especially casualties. Distinguishable - Each COA must differ significantly from any others. Significant differences result from task organization or scheme of maneuver. Complete - A good COA positions the force for future operations and provides the flexibility to meet unforeseen events during execution. It also provides the maximum latitude for initiative by subordinates. FM 101-5

Recommended LRS COA Development
Step 1 - Determine different means to build into the COAs to make them distinguishable. Reconnaissance vs. Surveillance Number / Location of Surveillance Sites Locations in Relation to the NAI Insertion / Extraction Techniques / Platforms Step 2 - Divide the team and develop two or three COAs. Provide specific development guidance to each group.

LRS COA Development (continued)
Step 3 - Begin developing each COA at the NAI and work backwards to the insertion point. Pick a surveillance site that provides maximum stand off, the best visibility of the NAI, avoids all expected enemy activity (neutral terrain, avoids lines of drift), and has at least two covered and concealed escape routes. Consider the terrain (LOS) and weather effects (on STANO devices, site construction and occupation, communications) Consider what you expect the enemy to do at the NAI (SITTEMP, MPCOA, MDCOA, Event Template) Step 4 - Find the most covered and concealed routes (Primary and Alternate) from the surveillance site away from the NAI.

Step 5 - Find a hide site along the route that offers good cover and concealment, is off of natural lines of drift, is on (neutral) terrain of no value or interest to the enemy, is defensible for a short period of time, and supports good communications (with higher and the surveillance / R&S team). Step 6 - Find the most covered and concealed routes (Primary and Alternate) from the hide site to possible insertion points. Step 7 - Select tentative insertion points (Primary and Alternate).

Step 8 - Choose a means of insertion that minimizes the risk of compromise. Consider two insertion COAs (Primary and Alternate). Step 9 - Choose insertion route(s) from the insertion point back to the FLOT (or RP) (AVN normally determines cross-FLOT routes and the team determines path from RP to LZ / PZ). Step 10 - Plan for exfiltration and extraction from the NAI to the Hide to the PZ, Pick-up Point, Link-Up Point, or Passage of Lines. Then plan back to the DOB.

Step 11 - Consider Possible Contingencies for the COA. Step 12 - Complete a COA worksheet which details (primary and alternate) surveillance sites, hide sites, insertion points, and routes; possible contingencies; communications plans; and a detailed operational timeline.

(EXAMPLE) COA Worksheet
OPERATIONAL TIMELINE: INFIL TOT MVMT TIME ANGUS ACTION ON OBJ TIMES (LDR RECON, OCCUPATION, CONSTRUCTION) EYES ON TIME EYES OFF TIME EXFIL MVMT TIME EXTRACT TIME CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION: LOGISTICS: COMMO PLAN: (Internal / External) 49 57 N 42 30 CONTINGENCY PLANS: RECON/SURV PLAN: LEGEND:

Practical Exercise COA Development

Analyze / War-Game COA War-game the COAs (one at a time) against the enemy’s MPCOA, not against each other. Pick one person to play the role of the enemy (Be free thinking; Preferable an Operations NCO). Conduct team action--enemy reaction--team counteraction. War-game actions on the object, infiltration, and exfiltration separately. Prioritize events. Fine tune COAs Make notes of advantages and disadvantages of each COA and any contingency plans required

(EXAMPLE) Wargame Worksheet
EVENT DETECTION DURING MOVEMENT COMPROMISE DURING OCCUP OF SURV SITE SURV COMP BY EN PATROL A/C SHOT DOWN DETECTION INFLIGHT WRONG LZ HOT LZ EN AT EXT PZ TEAM ACTION ENEMY REACTION TEAM COUNTER REMARKS NOTES: 1. RECORD POTENTIAL ALTERNATE/CONTINGENCY/EMERGENCY PLANS 2. COMMO SHOULD PARTICIPATE, 1SG/LNO/OPS NCO CAN RED HAT

*After Wargaming, Consider Conducting A Mission Risk Assessment
Risk Management Worksheet (identify hazards and then implement controls to mitigate the hazards) Risk Assessment (values to criteria that effect the overall risk level equate to “who” signs off on the risk assessment

Risk Management Worksheet (Example)
Operation/Training Event: Organization: Prepared By: Date: Phase Hazard Initial Initial Initial Risks Controls Implemented Residual Residual Residual Probability Effect Level Probability Effect Risk Level I Planning II Insertion III Actions on IV Extraction V Recovery Initial overall risk: EXTREMELY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW Residual overall risk: EXTREMELY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW

Evaluate And Compare COAs
After war-gaming and risk assessment, the team compares the results of all COAs; the decision matrix is a useful tool to evaluate and compare COAs against evaluation criteria developed from the mission analysis and Commander’s Guidance Evaluation criteria are those factors that measure effectiveness, cause success, or result in failure. The criteria may change from mission to mission and may be dependent on the mission essential task(s). The commander must weigh the criteria by defining and quantifying the criteria to reflect the relative importance of each area in which the COA is evaluated.

(EXAMPLE) COA Comparison and Decision Matrix
CRITERIA (WEIGHT) MANEUVER ( ) SURVIVABILITY ( ) OBSERVATION ( ) SIMPLICITY ( ) COMMUNICATIONS ( ) LOGISTICS ( ) TOTALS COA #1 WT’D COA #2 WT’D COA #3 WT’D NOTES: 1. BEST COA IS ASSIGNED THE HIGHEST NUMERICAL VALUE OF THE THREE COAs, THE BEST IS “3” 2. UNWEIGHTED TOTALS HELP DETERMINE THE BEST COA WITHOUT REGARD TO WEIGHTS 3. HIGHEST NUMBER IS MOST SUITABLE COA. HOWEVER, TEAM LEADER MAY CHOOSE ANOTHER COA BASED ON EXPERIECE

Decisions Team Leader delivers his COA Decision Brief to the Commander
Commander and Team Leader decide which COA the team will develop into an OPORD (or combines one or more COA’s) Any further major changes to the COA must have the commander’s approval

Decision Brief (Example)
Mission and commander’s intent Intelligence overview Team mission statement Concept of the operation Task organization Insertion (pri/alt) Infiltration Actions on the obj Exfiltration / Extraction (pri/alt) Communications int/ext (HF,SATCOM) Risk Management Issues

MDMP Questions?

Complete the Plan The leader completes the plan based on the reconnaissance and any changes in the situation. He should review his mission, as he received it from his commander, to ensure that his plan meets the requirements of the mission and stays within the framework of the commander’s intent.

Issue the Order Leaders normally issue an oral operations order. To aid subordinates in understanding the concept of the mission, leaders should issue the order within sight of the objective (if tactically feasible). When this is not possible, they should use a terrain model or sketch.

OPORD vs. Brief-Back The success of the plan depends on the Team Leader using the OPORD as his primary planning tool The brief back is a form of rehearsal and should not be the focus of the planning effort FM 7-93

Receive the mission Issue the warning order Make a tentative plan Initiate movement Conduct reconnaissance Complete the plan Issue the order Supervise (“Duties and responsibilities”) REF FM 7-8

Supervise Leaders supervise the unit’s preparation for combat by conducting rehearsals and inspections.

RSLC Planning Steps 1. Receive company warning order
2. Issue team warning order (initial inspections) 3. Move to isolation 4. Receive company operations order 5. Issue confirmation brief 6. Update warning order 7. Conduct mission analysis (brief optional) 8. Course of action development

RSLC Planning Steps (continued)
9. Conduct decision brief 10. Mission development 11. Issue team operations order 12. Rehearsals 13. Conduct brief back (Team GO / NO GO) 14. Final inspection 15. Higher MICON to DIV/Corps (CDR)

Duties and Responsibilities of Team Personnel During the Planning Phase

Team Leader Responsible for everything the team does or fails to do
Receives and issues all orders Para 2 Para 3 (plans mission) Conducts coordination's Supervises and spot checks

Assistant Team Leader Requests and receives supplies
Conducts inspections Isolation set up Para 4 Evasion plan of action Time management Supervises and spot checks

RTO All commo equipment Para 5 and/or commo annex COMMEX
Escorts team leader and records information

Senior Scout Observer Assists team leader in planning Para 1
All routes Fire support annex Air movement annex Intel annex

Scout Observer Assists senior scout Assists ATL Terrain model
Objective sketch Cache annex

Scout Observer/ Assistant RTO
Assists RTO Assists ATL Cuts antennas to frequencies Assists scout with terrain model Truck annex

Liaison NCO Represents the team at higher headquarters
Coordinates support for team Advises team Ensures that the team gets inserted/ extracted/ recovered Can step up and fill any duty position on a team in time of need

PLANNING BAY SENSITIVE ITEM
RSLC PLANNING BAY SENSITIVE ITEM LAYOUT SOP LOGS SURV. / HIDE EQUIPMENT TEAM PACKING LIST ITEMS BALLISTIC HELMET, SPIES HARNESS, SAFETY LINE, GOGGLES, GLOVES W/ INSERTS BATTERIES STANO, PLGR, SIGNAL DEVICES COMMO EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS MAGAZINES AND PYRO

RSLC ISOFAC PLANNING BAY SOP
JOG MAPS W/ AO’S MISSION STATEMENT COMMUNICATION MATRIX CDR’S INTENT OBJECTIVE SKETCH PIR/SIR/IR /SOR TIME SCHEDULE SPECIAL EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWN UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT COMMON TO ALL ANY INTEL PHOTO’S OR IMAGERY TERRAIN MODEL RFI TRACKING CHART TM SOP BOOK MAIN BRIEFING TABLE E/R OVERLAY ANY TEAM CHARTS OR DIAGRAMS 1:50,000 MAP W/ OVERLAYS ENTRANCE IMAGERY BRIEFBACK FORMAT CHAIRS UNCLASSIFIED TRASH RSLC ISOFAC PLANNING BAY SOP WPN RACK CHAIRS CHAIRS CLASSIFIED TRASH TABLE TABLE

Duties / Responsibilities
Questions?

Enabling Learning objective
Action: Issue a operations order Conditions: Given a LRS team, isofac, And mission packet Standards: Issue a operations order IAW FM 7-93.

Introduction to OPORD Use all products when briefing
Orientate team to bay and products Issue order quickly, yet thoroughly and understandable Take breaks when necessary

Operations Order Gives the subordinates the essential information needed to carry out the operation. OPORDs use the 5 paragraph format to organize thoughts and ensure completeness. Use terrain models and sketches along with maps to explain the order. The order should be given while observing the objective area

Operations Order Format
Task organization Situation Mission Execution Service and support Command and signal *Annexes *Risk management

Operations Order Task Organization: Describe the allocations of forces to support the concept of the operation. Par. 1. Situation: Enemy Situation: Describe the enemy situation utilizing the enemy situational template. The enemies disposition and composition should be briefed, along with the enemies Most Probable Course Of Action (MPCOA) and their Most Dangerous Course of Action (MDCOA). Friendly Situation: List the mission and commanders intent two levels up. List the mission of other units in the AO whose actions have a significant effect on the unit. Attachment and Detachments: List any attachments or detachments to the unit and their effective times. Note: The Intelligence Annex can be added and briefed under paragraph 1.

Operations Order Continue
Par. 2. Mission: State the Team mission statement (2x). The mission statement should cover the Who, What (Task), When, Where and Why (Purpose). The mission statement contains no subparagraph, however it will cover any on-order missions. Example Team 2 conducts surveillance to report the presence of C2 facilities NLT SEP02, (NAI 10) vicinity GL in order to facilitate future JTF Ranger offensive operations.

Operations Order continue
Par. 3. Execution. Intent: State the commanders intent. Concept of the operation: The concept of operations addresses the decisive and shaping operations. It describes the overall form of maneuver, designates the main effort for each phase of the operation. It describes how the operation is to be conducted in general terms covering mode of transportation, direction, time and fires for each of the five phases . 1. Maneuvers: A detailed scheme of the operation from the beginning of the Execution Phase through dissemination of information (security halt for the ORP, ORP procedures, leaders recon, HIDE and Surveillance site selection, actions on the OBJ, report procedures, OBJ sketch/ logs, compromise plan, sterilization plan, link up plans and dissemination of information).

3. Execution. 2. Fires: Describe the scheme of fires. State which unit has priority of fires. Include the purpose of, priorities for, allocation of, and restrictions for fire support. Refer to fire support annex, fire support overlay and any other annexes as required (cover all assets available to include CAS, Naval Gun fire, field artillery, and fire control measures as separate subparagraphs). 3. Task to maneuver units: State the mission or task assigned to each maneuver unit which reports directly to the headquarters issuing the order (TEAM). 4. Task to combat support units: State the mission or tasks assigned to non-maneuver combat units. Cross-reference attachments then assign them tasks. List only those tasks that are not specified or implied elsewhere.

5. Coordinating Instructions: List only instructions applicable to two or more units and not covered in unit SOPs. Complex instructions should be placed in an annex. A. Commander’s critical information requirements: List CCIR (PIR, SIR, SOR). B. Risk reduction control measures: This are measures unique to this operation and not included in unit SOPs. C. Rules of engagement (ROE). D. Force protection. E. Any additional coordinating instructions.

Par. 4. Service and Support: Address service and support requirements under this paragraph to clarify the concept of the mission. Subparagraphs can include the following: 1. Support concept: State the concept of logistics support to provide commanders and their staffs a visualization of how the operation will be logistically supported. 2. Materials and Services: A. Supply: Uniform and equipment common to all, rations and water, weapons and ammo, pyro and demo, medical and special equipment being carried and breakdown. B. Services: (method of handling friendly KIA and WIA)

Par. 5. Command and Signal 1. Command. State the map coordinates for command post locations (COB/DOB). Identify the chain of command. 2. Signal. List signal instructions not specified in units SOPs. Identify the specific signal operating instructions edition in effect (SOI). Required reports and formats, and times the reports are submitted. Note: Communications annex may be included in this paragraph or briefed as a separate annex to the OPORD. Issue annexes. Give time hack and ask for questions.

Fragmentary Order (FRAGO)
The fragmentary order provides timely changes of existing orders to subordinates and supporting commanders. A FRAGO is either oral or written and addresses only those parts of the original OPORD that have changed. The sequence of the OPORD is used and all five paragraph headings must be used. After each heading, state either “No Change” or the new information. This ensures the subordinates receive the entire order. The FRAGO differs from the OPORD only in the detail provided. It refers to previous orders and provides brief and specific instructions. A new OPORD will be issued when there is a change of the tactical situation or when the previous order is ineffective.

Fragmentary Order Expectations FRAGOs will be issued in the field
All five paragraphs will be used at a minimum you will state “no change” Paragraph 2 & 3 will be issued with all new information to include new RVs, RPs, Routes, Tent Hide & Surv sites, ORP location, NAI location, changes to leaders recons, etc. Routes will be issued using a Map or terrain model Security will be maintained during the issue of the FRAGO

Annexes Necessary to complete the plan
Provide greater clarity and understanding for complex or critical aspects of the operation Prepared only if the subject is not addressed thoroughly enough in the OPORD Can be issued after the OPORD; technique is to cover annex information during relevant portion of the OPORD (Infil during Para 3) REF FM 101-5

Type of Annexes Intelligence Air insertion/ extraction
Airborne insertion Truck movement Link-up (partisan or friendly) Evasion plan of action Cache

Intelligence Annex Terrain analysis (from IPB during MDMP)
Terrain throughout obj area (MCOO) Obstacles Avenues of approach Key terrain Observation and fields of fire Cover and concealment Effects on enemy and friendly

Air Infil/ Exfil Annex 4. Service and support A. Special equipment
5. Command and Signal A. Command i. Chain of command ii. Location of key leaders B. Signal i. Insertion a. Primary frequency b. Alternate frequency c. Call signs d. Code words ii. Extraction e. Far recognition f. Near recognition g. LZ markings h. Signaling devices i. Authentication j. No commo plan

Communications Annex Situation Enemy forces
Weather and terrain that may effect commo Electronic warfare capabilities Direction finding capabilities Mission Execution Plan and location for initial entry report Security plan for commo windows Type of antennas to be used Team no commo plan with COB/DOB/AOB Specific instructions to key individuals during HF/TACSAT windows Sterilization plan

Communications Annex Service and support Equipment breakdown Radios
Batteries Antenna kits Related equipment Command and signal Location of TL and ATL during commo windows Long range communications Windows Freqs and times Duress words Azimuth

Communications Annex Addresses Other code words Reports
Fm communications Call signs (internal/ external) Freqs (internal/ external) Brevity plan Reports other than sop

Link-up Annex Situation Mission Execution Concept of the operation
Task organization and responsibilities Maneuver Location and description of prim/alt sites Actions at link-up site Contingencies Actions on contact Actions in case of link-up failure Actions following link-up

Link-up Annex Coordinating instructions
Date time group of link-up and how long to wait Link-up unit identification Rehearsals Service and support Command and signal Command Location of TL and ATL Signal Call signs Freqs Recognition signals (far and near) Authentication and bona fides

Annexes Questions?

Coordinations During preparation for and execution of operations, continuous coordination by the planner is critical. Coordination aims to reduce confusion and problems while maximizing the synchronization of the plan. REF FM 101-5

Coordinations Operations will normally conduct a teams coordinations with outside agencies The LNO is the prime individual to conduct these coordinations with operations as he is most familiar with the team’s plan Coordinations should be done with the individuals actually supporting the mission A copy of the pertinent overlay should be given to the supporting agency at coordinations

Coordinations Fire support Vehicle support Aviation Rehearsal area
Intelligence

Fire Support (Coordination)
Team number Enemy situation Friendly situation Task and purpose of fires Type of support available Type of ammo available Priorities of fires

Fire Support (Coordination)
Method of requesting fires Fire support overlay Target list worksheet Fire control measures Command and signal Special instructions

Vehicle Movement (Coord.)
Team number Enemy situation Friendly situation Weather Mission Scheme of maneuver Command and signal

Aviation (Coordination)
Team number Enemy situation Friendly situation Weather Mission Insertion Extraction Command and signal

Rehearsal Area (Coordination)
Team number Task and purpose Transportation to area Terrain similar to mission area Security of the area Use of blanks, pyro, live ammo

Rehearsal Area (Coordination)
Availability of aggressors Mock-ups availability Time area is available Boundaries of area Coordination of other units Special instructions

Coordinations Summary Only give out the necessary information required
Don’t compromise your mission Be confident when briefing Have all documents prepared and ready when need

Coordination Questions?

Overlays It graphically portrays the location, size, and activity (past, present, or planned) of depicted units more consistently and accurately than can text alone. A good overlay should be able to stand alone in terms of explaining a scheme of maneuver.

Overlays (continued) Overlays should be made in duplicate with the exception of the enemy sit temp All other overlays will have sterile duplicates (sterile copy will be used for coordination's) Other copy will be used for planning and briefing purposes All overlays must be neat and easy to understand Include a legend and use two grid reference markers

Airmobile Overlay To be used to coordinate movement by aircraft for airmobile, airborne, FRIES, etc. Planned routes from the RP to the primary and alternate LZs Contains air check points, release point, false insertions, time and direction of corridors, loiter areas, and primary and alternate routes Air corridors should be 400 – 600 m wide with less than 45 degree turns for multiple a/c A copy should be given to operations and the aircrew during coordinations

AIRMOBILE OVERLAY (example)
00 99 DOF LOITER 10 MIN RP DECISION POINT MIN MIN ACP 1 ACP 1 150 1 MIN 210 1 MIN FI FI ACP 2 180 1/2 MIN 170 1 MIN LZ FI LEGEND 90 89 130 1.5 MIN PRIMARY ALTERNATE LZ

Enemy Overlay To be used as the basis for planning and construction of all overlays Known and suspected enemy locations Possible weapon systems and max effective ranges Obstacles that may interfere with planned infil routes and pts Update this overlay as intel updates are received

Fire Support Overlay Target reference points No fire areas
Restrictive fire areas Tgt data section to include tgt RFA/NFA/#’s, grid, description, and remarks Date time group effective for fires Targets planned for every phase of the operation

Infiltration/ Exfiltration Overlay
Pri / alt insertion pts Pri / alt routes from pri and alt insertion pts to include azimuth and distance Tentative initial entry report locations for all routes Tentative ORP locations Pri and alt hide site locations Pri and alt surv site locations Team internal linkup locations RV locations NAI/TAI locations No commo linkup site

Infiltration/Action on the Objective
02 Team ____ 6th LRSD FT Benning 1:50000 Name Unclassified Infiltration/Action on the Objective (Example) 98 SAFE 90 1800 m ALZ 165 1200 m 135 Pri Blue Alt Green 2000 m ORP ORP/PZ 75 1500 m Hide 110 12 Surveillance 1800 m 1700 m 40 NAI 12 ORP PLZ 120 1500 m NCPZ 95 50 2000 m 90

Vehicle Insertion Overlay
Routes from the embarkation pt to the RP is planned by operations Routes from release point to debarkation pt is planned by team Pri and alt routes Exfiltration routes Checkpoints to include direction and time to next point Pri and alt debarkation points for pri / alt routes

Vehicle Overlay (Example)
DP Alternate route will be the primary extraction route Primary route will be alternate extraction 00 99 East 10 min Northeast 12 min CP 1 CP 2 DP North 7 min CP 3 Northeast 2 min LEGEND RP North 7 min PRIMARY ALTERNATE East 5 min CP 1 East 12 min 90 89 CP 2

Evasion and Recovery Overlay
Evasion corridor Contact/ recovery point locations Date time group effective Designated areas of recovery (if needed)

Evasion and Recovery Overlay
00 99 SAFE CP C 24 RV CP A CP B LEGEND RAS Location RVs Contact Points 90 89 4 RV 4 RV CP A

Overlay Questions?

Planning Considerations
Low visibility Beginning Morning Nautical Twilight (BMNT) End Evening civil twilight End Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT)

Night Temperature and humidity Winds Ceiling visibility and cloud cover Effects on personnel Lighting Effects on equipment

RFI’s RFI tracking log RFO’s Commo request Supply request Ammo request Mission data worksheet

Contingency Plans A plan used in accomplishing different missions and anticipated major events before, during, and after operations. REF FM

Contingency Plans The following are some of the contingencies that must be planned for. Although there are thousands of situations, these are some basic contingencies.

Contingency Plans Airborne insertion Crash landing Injury on LZ Hot LZ
Failure of team link up at the AA Wrong DZ

Contingency Plans Rotary wing Crash landing Hot LZ Injury on LZ
Wrong LZ

Contingency Plans Vehicle insertion Road blocks/ check points Ambush
Mechanical failure Hot detrucking point Injury at detrucking point Wrong detrucking point

Contingency Plans Infiltration Enemy contact Failed Angus Report
Contact at danger area Failure to link-up at RV Injury Behind time schedule (miss eyes on)

Contingency Plans Actions on the objective
Positions too close/ far to target Target to large for team No commo with higher No internal commo Enemy contact Civilian contact Failure to link-up at RV Wrong target

Contingency Plans Exfiltration Failure to link-up after eyes off
Enemy contact Injury Enemy on PZ Behind time schedule (missed PZ time) A/C fails to arrive

Contingency Plans Link-up procedures Incorrect signals Enemy contact
Enemy near link-up site Link-up goes bad after contact Roadblocks/ check points

Rehearsals Conducted as soon as possible after briefing the OPORD
Include inspecting personnel and equipment Conduct in full uniform and equipment required on the mission Focus on the complex procedures, the greater the need for detailed rehearsals Attempt to conduct on terrain and conditions close to those encountered in the operation Cover as many contingencies as can be anticipated REF FM 7-93

Standard Rehearsals Off-loading and assembly at insertion
Movement formations Lost-man drill Security halts Actions at danger areas Actions on the objective

Standard Rehearsals Counter-tracking techniques
Actions on enemy contact Loading procedures at extraction Special actions Cache procedures Actions during evasion

Enabling Learning Objective
Action: Conduct a brief back Conditions: Given a completed OPORD And sufficient time to prepare Standards: Coduct brief back IAW FM 7-93

Brief Back Entire team gives to commander or designated representative
Gives commander confidence that the team understands and is prepared for the mission Rehearsals of the brief back must be conducted prior to ensure the members of the team understand all aspects All critical information is memorized SOR commo windows CDR’s intent mission statement EPA (2, 12, 24 hr RV; Contact Points; and signals)

Final Inspection TL conducts before the team leaves the planning area (last step) inspects personnel, personal equipment, and mission equipment (coded notes acceptable) TL conducts back briefs to reinforce critical facets of the mission REF FM 7-93

Questions???

PLANNING AREA OPERATIONS

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