1. The Constitution Why do people form governments?

2. Seven Key Principals The United States Constitution presents the American solution to the challenge of government. This solution is based on seven key principles: (1) popular sovereignty, (2) a republican form of government, (3) limited government, (4) federalism, (5) separation of powers, (6) checks and balances, and (7) individual rights.

3. 1 – Popular Sovereignty The Constitution begins with an introduction, or preamble. With its first words—"We the People"—the preamble lays the foundation of the American system of government: popular sovereignty or the authority of the people. The preamble makes clear that it is the people of the United States who hold the power and who establish a system of government for their own well-being.

4. 2 - The Nation Is a Republic How do the people rule in the United States? The Constitution establishes a republican form of government. A republic is a government in which the people rule through elected representatives. Those representatives make laws and conduct government on behalf of the people. In general, the terms republic and representative government mean the same thing.

5. 3 - Limited Government The Framers were wary of a government that might take away people's rights or favor certain groups. At the same time, they realized that the nation needed a stronger government than the Articles of Confederation had provided. Their goal was to establish limited government, in which the powers of government are strictly defined. A limited government has only those powers that are given to it by the people.

6. 4 - Federalism The Constitution creates the federal system. It explains how powers are distributed among different levels of government. enumerated power-power specifically given Congress in the Constitution reserved power-power belonging only to the states concurrent power-power shared by the states and federal government

7. 5 - Separation of Powers To make sure no person or group in government has too much power, the Constitution provides for a separation of powers. This means the Constitution separates the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government. Each branch has different—and limited—powers, duties, and responsibilities. Legislative – Makes the laws. Executive Branch – Enforces the Laws Judicial Branch – Interprets /Judges the Laws

8. 6 - Checks and Balances Under this system, each branch of government can check, or limit, the power of the other branches. This system helps maintain a balance in the power of the three branches.

9. 7 – Individual Rights The Constitution that the Framers wrote in Philadelphia in 1787 did not have a Bill of Rights. These ten amendments became part of the Constitution in 1791. They guarantee basic freedoms and liberties including: Freedom of religion Freedom of speech and of the press Freedom to assemble in groups and to protest against the government The right to bear arms The right to a speedy and public trial by jury The right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government Freedom from "cruel and unusual" punishments Since 1791, other constitutional amendments have expanded on the rights of the American people

10. Amending the Constitution Guiding Question - How is the Constitution able to change over time? People have suggested many hundreds of amendments over the years. Yet the nation has amended its Constitution only 27 times.

11. What it Means to be a Citizen What are the rights and elements of participation of American citizens?

12. Our Rights Our rights fall into three main categories: 1.The right to be protected from unfair government actions 2.The right to be treated equally with others 3.The right to enjoy basic freedoms.

13. Our government must treat people fairly and according to clear rules. This is spelled out in the Fifth Amendment, which says no one shall "be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.“ Due process means the government must follow established procedures in taking action against a citizen. The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees all people equal protection of the laws. This principle means all people, regardless of race, religion, or political beliefs, must receive the same treatment under the law. The First Amendment outlines many of our basic freedoms. These include freedom of religion, freedom of speech and of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition the government. The Framers knew that in a free society in which the people rule, people must be able to share ideas. Our rights and freedoms have some limits. government can limit our freedom of speech or our right to hold a protest if it threatens public health or safety. Also, one person's exercise of his or her rights cannot take away the rights of other people. Limits on rights and freedoms must be applied equally to all people.

14. The Duties and Responsibilities of Citizenship A citizen is a person who owes loyalty to a nation and is entitled to its protection. For the most part, anyone born on U.S. soil is automatically a U.S. citizen. U.S. soil includes American territories and military bases around the world. Citizenship is also granted to anyone born outside of the United States if one parent is a U.S. citizen. A person who was born in another country can become a citizen through the process called naturalization. Naturalization: the legal process of becoming a citizen

15. With citizenship comes duties and responsibilities. Duties are things we must do responsibilities are things we should do. Examples of Duties: Citizens have a duty to obey the law, to pay taxes, and to sit on a jury if called. Another key duty is defending the country. All males 18 and older must register with the government in case they are needed to serve in the military. Examples of Responsibilities Responsibilities are things a person should do, though they may not be required by law. However, if people do not fulfill their responsibilities as citizens, the quality of our government and communities is diminished. Exercising the right to vote is probably the most important responsibility of a citizen. Voting allows you to participate in government and guide its direction.