2. Industrial Revolution & Social Reform APUSH – Chapters 12/13

3. Transportation Revolution Pages 385-390 Significance and Impacts of: –Roads –Canals and Steamboats –Railroads Overall Impact of Transportation Revolution

5. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

6. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

7. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

8. Roads Positives –Linked communities –Increased trade and market opportunities –Supported expansion –Supported a national identity Negatives –Slow & expensive to build and maintain –Slow & dangerous for travel and trade –At the mercy of the weather!!

9. Erie Canal System

10. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

11. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

12. Principal Canals in 1840

13. Inland Freight Rates

14. Clipper Ships

15. Water Transportation Positives –Faster, less expensive than roads –Increased movement and settlement of Americans –Growth of new cities –Employment Negatives –Dangerous work –Spread of disease –Potentially dangerous travel – explosions, sinking, etc.

16. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

17. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

18. Railroads Positives –Ultimately cheaper and faster –Huge investment opportunity –Creation of dependent industries Iron & steel manufacturing Coal production Negatives –Inconsistent development Gauge issues Regional issues –Lack of government regulation or control –Labor shortages

19. COMMUNICATION IMPROVEMENTS

20. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

21. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

22. Impacts of Transportation Revolution 1.Expansion of markets 2.Huge increase in foreign investment 3.Stimulated invention and innovation 4.Increased population movement 5.Reduced cost of goods 6.Increased availability of goods 7.Expansion of national identity 8.Spread of disease

23. Market Revolution Pages 390-396 Causes Putting-Out System –Changes –Impacts Commercial Agriculture –Changes –Impacts Role of Samuel Slater

24. Putting-Out System The putting-out system was the production of goods in private homes under the supervision of a merchant who "put out" the raw materials, paid a certain sum per finished piece, and sold the completed item to a distant market.

26. Market Revolution Why is this called a revolution? What three things caused it? –Transportation revolution –Commercialization –Industrialization

27. Causes of Rapid Industrialization 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:  First big business in the US.  The key to opening the West.  Aided the development of other industries. 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:  First big business in the US.  The key to opening the West.  Aided the development of other industries.

28. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

30. Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “

31. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

32. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

33. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

34. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

35. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

36. Entrance Card 1.Describe the impact of technology on agriculture (one positive, one negative) 2.In three words (or so) describe the new changes to the “putting-out system” 3.In two words (or so) describe the “American system” 4.What was the most important result of the “American system”?

37. Mills and Early Union Movements Pages 396-403 Lowell Mill –Significance –Role of women American System –Significance Social impact of factory work Early Labor Unions

38. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

39. New England Dominance in Textiles

40. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

41. Lowell in 1850

42. Lowell Mill

43. Early Textile Loom

44. Starting for Lowell

45. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

46. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

47. Lowell Mills Time Table

48. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

49. Mill Workers vs. Other Jobs 12 hour work day (Monday – Friday) –½ hour for breakfast –¾ hour for lunch 10 – 12 work day (Saturday) Wages per week –Children (4-10) $1 –Young women $3 –Men $6 Wages for Other Jobs per week –Skilled Labor $9 –Male Teacher $4 –Female Teacher $2 –Farm Labor North - $3 –Farm Labor South - $2

50. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of work each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

51. American System Interchangeable Parts –Allows for mass production by unskilled labor –Allows for replacement of broken or malfunctioning parts vs. entire unit –Reduces cost of goods –Increase quantity and variety of goods available

52. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

53. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

54. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) The Court established that trade unions were not necessarily criminal or conspiring organizations if they did not advocate violence or illegal activities in their attempts to gain recognition through striking. This legalized the existence of trade organizations, though trade unions would continue to be harassed legally through anti- trust suits and injunctions.

55. Early “Union” Newsletter

56. The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

57. RECAP Starting with the beginning of this unit let’s try to recap the most important things: –Transportation Revolution –Agricultural Revolution –Market Revolution –Manufacturing innovations –Labor v. Management

58. RECAP Five volunteers to explain the main ideas of: –Transportation Revolution –Agricultural Revolution –Market Revolution –Manufacturing innovations –Labor v. Management

59. Partner UP! Make a quick list explaining the: 1.Impact of Industrial Revolution on: –Class –Families 2.New middle class – What is it? 3.“American Dream” – What is it?

60. Social Class / Transcendentalism Pages 404-411 Impact of Industrial Revolution on: –Class –Religion –Families –Children Transcendentalism –What? Why? Who?

61. Wealth and Class The market revolution ended the natural fixed social order that previously existed. The market revolution created a social order with class mobility. The upper class stayed about the same, while the “middling sorts” grew rapidly. Religion helped shape the new attitudes. The middle class also changed their attitudes by: –emphasizing sobriety and steadiness –removing themselves from the rowdy working class.

62. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth was in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

63. The New Middle-Class Family Middle-class women managed their homes and provided a safe haven for their husbands. Attitudes about appropriate male and female roles and qualities were reinforced. Men were seen as steady, industrious, and responsible; women as nurturing, gentle, and moral. The popularity of housekeeping guides underscored the radical changes occurring in middle-class families.

64. Middle Class How would you define middle class? How do you separate the classes? What does a middle class family look like? Act like? Do for work? Fun?

65. z They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

66. Sentimentalism The competitive spirit led many Americans to turn to sentimentalism and nostalgia. Publishers found a lucrative market for novels of this genre, especially those written by women. Sentimentalism became more concerned with maintaining social codes.

67. Transcendentalism and Self-Reliance The intellectual reassurance for middle- class morality came from writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Transcendentalist writers Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller emphasized individualism and communion with nature.

68. Coming to Terms with the New Age Chapter 13

69. Immigration Pages 418-429 Patterns –Reasons for immigration Irish Immigration vs. German Immigration –Similarities –Differences Urbanization –Issues

70. US Population 18107.2 mil 18209.6 mil 183012.9 mil 184017 mil 185023.2 mil 186031.4 mil –IN 50 YEARS THE POPULATION QUADRUPLED**

71. Population Issues Current developed nations grow at less than 1% annually –US average >3% annually from 1810-1860 –Causes? Immigration / Longer Life Span Issues from rapid growth? PUSH Immigration? PULL Immigration?

72. Types of Immigration PUSH –Factors that caused people to leave War, famine, poverty, religious or political persecution PULL –Factors that attract people to a new country Job opportunities, religious or political freedoms, family

73. American Population Centers in 1820

74. American Population Centers in 1860

75. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

76. Immigration Issues Assimilation - to absorb into the culture or mores (morally binding customs) of a population or group Jobs & Communities & Politics –Menial, manual labor –Ethnic neighborhoods –Food for the political machine

77. Nativists Nativist Parties and Social Groups developed in the late 1830s to preserve America for Americans! –WHY? Anti-Catholic Economic competition Current Status An immigration reductionism movement formed in the 1970s and continues to the present day. Prominent members often press for massive, sometimes total, reductions in immigration levels. American nativist sentiment experienced a resurgence in the late 20th century, this time directed at illegal aliens.

78. Native Views on Immigration

81. Political Machines / Revivalism Pages 433-438 Growth of Machine Politics –What –Who –Where & Why –Impacts Characteristics of the Reform Movements Education Reform –Who, What, Why, Impact

82. Political Machines A political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (money, political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. GOAL = Obtain and maintain power through elections ***WHY? $$$$$$$$ and BENEFITS FUEL = Immigrants

83. Tammany Hall Beginning in late 1845, millions of Irish immigrants began arriving in New York. Equipped with a knowledge of English, very tight loyalties, a taste for politics, and what critics said was a propensity to use violence to control the polls, the Irish quickly dominated Tammany. WILLIAM ‘BOSS’ TWEED

84. Political Machine Cartoon Political cartoons express the cartoonist’s opinion on a current issue through images and words Cartoons contain some or all of the following artistic devices: –Important people –Symbols –Exaggerated details –Labels that identify parts of the cartoon –Voice or thought bubbles –A caption **In 1844, 135% of the eligible voters turned out to vote. **

87. 16H

89. Comparison to Chicago Chicago's large immigrant population made it easier for political machines to grow in power. The city's last Republican mayor left office in 1931. Today, not even the Democratic primaries are competitive—for the most part, once you're in office, you stay there. Between 1995 and 2004, 469 politicians from the federal district of Northern Illinois were found guilty of corruption. The only districts with higher tallies were central California (which includes L.A.), and southern Florida (which includes Miami).

90. Political Reform Although the public gradually became aware of rampant political corruption in the mid 1800s – no serious reform occurred until the 1870s

91. The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women’s Rights Abolitionism

92. Educational Reform Religious Training  Secular Education MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1 st state to establish tax support for local public schools. By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * Approximately 50% attended school * US had one of the highest literacy rates (whites – 80%)

93. “Father of American Education” Horace Mann (1796-1859) BELIEFS children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs GOAL = Create informed citizens

94. Education What should a public education provide?

95. Mann & Webster “The scientific or literary well-being of a community,” wrote Mann, “is to be estimated not so much by possessing a few men of great knowledge, as its having many men of competent knowledge.” Noah Webster’s work An American Dictionary of the English Language was the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of its day. It was also the first dictionary to represent distinctly American usage of English.

96. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers  Used religious parables to teach “American values.”  Teach middle class morality and respect for order.  Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

97. Review Card – Don’t Use Notes (7 words) 1.What’s the purpose of a political machine? 2.How do immigrants benefit from the machine? 3.What were the goals of the Reform movement? 4.What was the goal of public education?

98. Lots of Movements and Ideas Pages 438-442 Temperance –Issues Social Reforms –Prostitution –Prison Reform Issues / Advocates Utopian Communities –Why, Who Mormons –Who, Why, Where & Impacts

99. Temperance Movement Frances Willard The Beecher Family 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! R1-6

100. Annual Consumption of Alcohol Who was The Pres?

101. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

102. Social Reform  Prostitution The “Fallen Woman” Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887)  1835  Advocate of Moral Reform  Female Moral Reform Society focused on the customers and the employers, not the girls. R2-1

103. “Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family. An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

104. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix ISSUES: 1. No separation of mental illness vs. criminal 2. Cruel, inhumane, and unsanitary conditions

105. Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

106. Utopian Communities

107. Secular Utopian Communities Individual Freedom Demands of Community Life spontaneity self-fulfillment discipline organizational hierarchy

108. Shaker Meeting

109. Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

110. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

111. The Oneida Community New York, 1848 The Oneida Community New York, 1848 John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)  Millenarianism --> the 2 nd coming of Christ had already occurred.  Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated “free love.”

112. Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA George Ripley (1802-1880)

113. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian Socialist “Village of Cooperation”

114. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN New Harmony in 1832

115. New Harmony, IN

116. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Joseph Smith (1805-1844)  1823  Golden Tablets  1830  Book of Mormon  1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL

117. Structure of Mormon Community theocracy a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided) polygamy having more than one spouse at a time Priority is the community not the individual (un-American?)

118. Violence Against Mormons

119. The Mormon “Trek”

120. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)  Deseret community.  Salt Lake City, Utah Brigham Young (1801-1877 )

121. Women’s Rights Pages 446-448 Women’s Rights –Issues –Actions

122. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2 nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina GrimkéSarah Grimké e Southern Abolitionists Lucy Stone eAmerican Women’s Suffrage Assoc. eedited Woman’s Journal R2-9

123. Early 19c Women 1.Unable to vote. 2.Legal status of a minor. 3.Single  could own her own property. 4.Married  no control over her property or her children. 5.Could not initiate divorce. 6.Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

124. Women’s Rights 1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. London  World Anti-Slavery Convention Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

125. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments "We are assembled to protest against a form of government existing without the consent of the governed - to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife, to take wages which she earns, the property which she inherits, and, in case of separation, the children of her love; laws which make her the mere dependent of his bounty."

126. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

127. Seneca Falls Declaration

128. Women’s Rights Why did it take so long? Activists delayed issue during mid 1800s to focus on abolition –Similarities?