2. From Magic to Science

3. Foundations of Science  Magic and Science were Synonymous  Explanations = guesses  Religion explained nature

4. The Early Scientists  Natural Philosophers: Thinkers who wrote about nature – thought through explanations  The first scientists were alchemists

5. Effect of the Renaissance  Renaissance: Age of creativity, curiosity, education, investigation, and discovery  The Renaissance Men wanted to put this approach to the study of everyday life – and it became science

6. The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution  Old ideas questioned  New approaches of investigation using experiments and mathematics = A Scientific Revolution  Religious ideas, magic, or ancient writings lost credibility

7. Scientific Revolution  Observations of the scientists contradicted old ideas and beliefs  Scientists formed conclusions based on their observations

8. The Scientific Revolution  The Scientific Revolution: Rapid increase in knowledge and understanding  New tools: scientific instruments (microscope), mathematics (calculus), and experiments (scientific method)

9. Early Astronomy  AD 100 Ptolemy came up with the Earth Centered solar system with perfect spherical orbits “geocentric”

10. That Astronomical Pioneer Copernicus  1500s: Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus argued for the heliocentric solar system  Theory published in 1543  Could not be proven with evidence at the time

11. Kepler  Johannes Kepler Mathematician who used models, observation, and mathematics to test Copernicus’s heliocentric theory  Some of Copernicus’s ideas were incorrect – fixed by Kepler  Kepler published his findings in: Laws of Planetary Motion 1609

12. Discoveries of Galileo  Telescope that could magnify an image 20 times  Studied the heavens  Mountains and Valleys of the Moon  Rings of Saturn  Sunspots  Moons of Jupiter  Published his findings in 1632

13. Reactions to Galileo  Galileo also wrote some criticisms of the Bible stating that some of the events were impossible and it needed to be revised  Some said the telescope was of the Devil  He Contradicted the Bible?! Heresy!

14. One of the Earliest Engineers  One Major Discovery: Heavy objects fall at the same rate as lighter ones  Galileo’s ideas are the basis of mechanics, the study of objects in motion

15. Newton’s Discoveries  Law of universal gravitation  All bodies attract each other  The attraction can be measured  Tied together the movement of all things in heaven and earth with gravity

16. The Newtonian Effect  Scientific knowledge became accepted truth  Using facts to explain instead of the Heavens

17. Vesalius  Pioneered the study of anatomy  1543 seven volume work On the Fabric of the Human Body  Illustrations of the complicated parts of the body and how they work together

18. Harvey

19. New Science  New scientific orders shared and spread knowledge during the Scientific Revolution  The printing press helped publish and spread new ideas in scientific journals

20. Descartes  French philosopher and mathematician  No assumption should be accepted without question  Had to be proven on the basis of known facts

21. Descartes: “I think Therefore I am?”  Used Logical reasoning for explanations  Studied light refraction and optics  Contradicted Church teachings  Was exiled for his teachings

22. Roger Bacon  Scientific Theories could only be developed by observation  Had to be proven by repeated experiments  Truth should be shown instead of thinking through it  Novum Organum 1620

23. Others  1500s to 1600s more discoveries  Gottfried Liebnitz and Isaac Newton developed Calculus  Late 1500s Leeuwenhoek developed the microscope and observed Bacteria

24. Still Other Important People  Robert Boyle pioneered Chemistry  1774 Joseph Priestly discovered the element oxygen  Antoine Lavoisier: the conservation of matter – mass cannot be created nor destroyed

25. Important Aspects of the Scientific Revolution  By the late 1700s, the Scientific Method had been adopted and accepted all over the world  The speed of discovery and rapid spread and exchange of knowledge became known as the Scientific Revolution

26. How Did it Happen so Quickly?  The Printing Press, scientific societies, and other communications improvements made the revolution a reality