1. Chapter 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. European Exploration Resource-poor Portugal searched for fresh resources  From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century they ventured out onto Atlantic 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. The Lure of Trade without Muslims Maritime routes to Asia  Spices, silk, porcelain Silk roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague Prices, profits increase Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. European Exploration ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

5. Missionary Efforts New Testament urged Christians to spread the faith throughout the world Crusades and holy wars against Muslims in early centuries Reconquista of Spain inspired Iberian crusaders 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Reconquista ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

7. The Technology of Exploration Sternpost rudder and two types of sails enabled ships to advance against wind Navigational instruments  Magnetic compass  Astrolabe Knowledge of winds and currents enabled Europeans to travel reliably  Trade winds north and south of the equator  Regular monsoons in Indian Ocean basin 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Portuguese Breakthroughs Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460)  Promoted exploration of west African coast  Established fortified trading posts  Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean, 1488 Vasco da Gama of Portugal  Crossed Indian Ocean; reached India, 1497; brought back huge profit  Portuguese merchants built a trading post at Calicut, 1500 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Prince Henry Bartolomeu Dias ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

10. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles) Proposed sailing to Asian markets by a western route Sponsored by Catholic king of Spain; sailed to Bahamas in 1492 Columbus's voyage enabled other mariners to link east and west hemispheres. 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Columbus ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

12. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

13. Hemispheric Links Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia But by early sixteenth century, several powers follow  English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. European Exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486-1498 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

15. Circumnavigation of the Globe Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by Portuguese, sails in service of Spain  Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America  Crossed both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 1519-1522  One ship out of five completed the circumnavigation of the world  Magellan died in conflict in a Philippine island on the way home ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

16. Magellan ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

17. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

18. Exploration of the Pacific Exploration of the Pacific took three centuries to complete  Trade route between the Philippines and Mexico, by Spanish merchants  English mariners searched for a northwest passage from Europe to Asia Captain James Cook (1728-1779), British explorer  Led three expeditions to the Pacific, the Arctic, Australia; died in Hawaii  By late eighteenth century, Europeans had reasonably accurate geographical knowledge of the world 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. European Exploration, Cook’s Voyages in the Pacific Ocean, 1519-1780, and Magellan’s Voyages ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

20. Establishment of Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts  Fifty by mid-sixteenth century between west and east Africa  Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge duties Forced all merchant ships to purchase safe- conduct passes Yet Arab traders continue to operate  Portuguese control declines by end of 16th century ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

21. English and Dutch Trading Posts English and Dutch established parallel trading posts in Asian coasts  English in India, the Dutch at Cape Town and Indonesia  Sailed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships than Portuguese  Created an efficient commercial organization--the joint-stock company 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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23. The Trading Companies Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese  English East India Company, established 1600  Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. European Conquests in Southeast Asia Spanish conquer Philippines, name them after King Philip II Manila becomes major port city  Influx of Chinese traders, highly resented by Spanish, Filipinos  Significant missionary activity Dutch concentrate on spice trade in Indonesia  Establish Batavia, trading post in Java  Policy: secure VOC monopoly over spice production and trade  Less missionary activity ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

25. Dutch Settlement of Batavia ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

26. Russian Expansion in Asia Russians take over Mongol khanates, sixteenth century Siberian expansions in sixteenth to seventeenth century  Criminals, prisoners of war exiled to Siberia  Trading posts develop Russian population expands dramatically  In 1763: 420,000 Russians in Siberia, outnumber indigenous peoples 2:1 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. Russian Convict Village in Siberia 27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. Global competition and conflict Dutch forces expelled most Portuguese merchants from southeast Asia Conflict between English and French merchants over control of Indian cotton and tea Competition in the Americas among English, French, and Spanish forces ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

29. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) In Europe: British and Prussia against France, Austria, and Russia In India: fighting between British and French forces, each with local allies In the Caribbean: Spanish and French united to limit British expansion In North America: fights between British and French forces Outcome: British hegemony  British gained control of India, Canada, Florida 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

30. Global Warfare ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

31. The Columbian Exchange Biological exchanges between Old and New Worlds  Columbian Exchange--global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens after Columbus's voyages  Permanently altered the earth's environment ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

32. Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline Smallpox  Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza No prior exposure to these diseases in western hemisphere or Oceania  No inherited, acquired immunities 1519 smallpox in Aztec empire  Population declines 90% within 100 years (17 million to 1.3 million) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

33. Food Crops and Animals Wheat, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens went to Americas American crops included maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts Growth of world population: from 425 million in 1500 to 900 million in 1800 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

34. World Population Growth, 1500-1800 C.E. 34 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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36. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36

37. Migration of human populations Enslaved Africans were largest group of migrants from 1500 to 1800 Sizable migration from Europe to the Americas Nineteenth century, European migration to South Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37

38. Atlantic Slave Trade ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 38

39. Origins of Global Trade Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin  Manufactured goods from Europe and raw goods from Americas The Manila galleons  1565-1815, Spanish galleons dominate Pacific Ocean trade  Asian luxury goods to Mexico, silver from Mexico to China 39 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

40. Triangle Trade ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40

41. Environmental Effects of Global Trade Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or near-extinction  Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41