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Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections
Chapter 22
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I. The Exploration of the World’s Ocean
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Portuguese Exploration
Motives of Exploration Aka “God, Glory, Gold” The Lure of Trade Missionary Effects Portuguese Exploration Another goal was to Establish maritime trade Routes to the markets of Asia. Finding direct routes meant Elimination of Muslim Intermediaries, giving Europeans More profits Also looked for more direct Access to markets, trying again To avoid Muslim The goal of expanding Christianity also motivated Europeans into the larger World. Persuasion or Violence Were ways of spreading the Faith Prince Henry the Navigator Promoted Christianity in Africa Justified and reinforced Material motives. Portuguese explorers Wanted to exploit & New lands Voyages led to the Establishment of Plantations on more Southernly Atlantic Islands
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Technology and Exploration
Knowledge of Winds And Currents & Volta Do Mar Ships and Sails Navigational Instruments Determined navigational Possibilities. Took advantage of prevailing Winds and currents to sail to almost Any part of the earth Volta do Mar- sailing around The contrary winds Faster, safer, easier, and reliable Different types of sails Allowed for better forms Of navigation Square sails, triangular Lateen sails Important Navigational instruments Include the astrolabe And compass
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Voyages of Exploration: from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus & Hemispheric Links Prince Henry of Portugal Prince Henry of Portugal: Moroccan ports of Ceuta, Voyages down W. Africa Bartolomeu Dias: rounded Cape of Good and Indian Ocean and turned back Route to Indian Ocean Gave merchants opportunity To buy silk, spices and pepper At source Made it all the way Into the India Ocean Est. trading post at Calicut in the Indian Ocean Basin English & Dutch Followed Portuguese Into the Indian Ocean Basin Argued that sailing west Would be closer, profitable, Sponsored by Italian Bankers and Ferdinand & Isabel San Salvador, Taino “Indians” Columbus’ voyage est links Between eastern & western Hemispheres Conquest, settlement, exploitation
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Voyage of Exploration: from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ferdinand Magellan & Circumnavigation Exploration of the Pacific Captain James Cook Took 3 centuries to Chart the features of The Pacific did not Provide much trade English explorers Searched for northwest Passage from Europe to Asia Felt Asian markets Were close to west Coast of Americas First to circumnavi- gate the world-going Across the world Led many expeditions Through the Pacific Had many interactions With Polynesian islands And peoples (Hawaii, Tahiti, Conga)
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II. Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia
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Portuguese Trading Posts &
English and Dutch Trading Posts Portuguese Trading Posts & Afonso d’Alboquerque Trading Companies Portuguese mariners didn’t Want to conquer territories But to control trade routes by Having others pay duties. Afonso d’Alboquerque wanted Merchant ships to purchase safe- Conduct passes Didn’t have enough forces to enforce Commanders orders Built trading posts On Asian coasts English focused most Trading posts on India Dutch in Cape Town and Southern Africa English and Dutch Sailed faster, cheaper, More powerful ships Created joint stock companies English East Indian Company & United East India Company Aka VOC Gov’t support but Are privately owned Charters could: Buy, sell, build and make War Early global network Of trade.
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European Conquests in Southeast Asia
Manila Conquest of Philippines Conquest of Java 1565 Legazpi lands in Philippines Philippines has no central Gov’t Spanish forces controlled Coastal regions Multi-cultural port City Hub of Spanish Commercial activity Goal also to spread Christianity Controlled by Dutch Mariners Wanted to control Spice trade in the area
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Foundations of the Russian Empire in Asia
The Russian Occupation Of Siberia Encounters in Siberia Native Peoples of Siberia Russian acquisitions in Northeastern Eurasia Lucrative commodity was fur 26 major ethnic groups Russian adventurers Wanted tribute from groups Raided and took them for hostage Russian gov’t begin to see Importance of “small peoples” And begin to protect them For their benefit Tried to push Christianity On indigenous people. Those who were a part of Siberia included Social misfits, criminals, POWs
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Commercial Rivalries and the Seven Years War
Competition AND Conflict Seven Years War ( ) British Hegemony Dutch Vessels Prominent in the Indian Ocean & controlled spice Trade English and French were Dominant carriers in the Indian Ocean Commercial conflict led to Conflict in the Caribbean & Americas. Constant fight in the area Global conflict: Europe, India, Caribbean, North America Laid foundation for 150 years of British Imperial hegemony Merged w/conflict During French & Indian War British begin to take Over areas all over the world (India, Canada, Caribbean
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III. Ecological Exchanges
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The Colombian Exchange (GLOBAL DIFFUSION of plants,
Crops, animals, human population And disease pathogens) Epidemic Disease and Population Decline Food Crops and Animals & American Crops Biological Exchanges Altered world’s human Geography and natural Environment Disease brought sharp Demographic loss to Indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox, measles, flu Epidemics destroyed Societies Worst demographic Calamity the world had Seen in W. History. Eurasia West: wheat, rice Sugar, bananas, apples, cherries Peaches EuropeWest: dairy, horses, Cattle, pigs AmericaEurasia/Europe/AFRICA: Maize, potatoes, beans, peppers, Papayas, avocado
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The Colombian Exchange (GLOBAL DIFFUSION of plants,
Crops, animals, human population And disease pathogens) Population Growth and Migration Plants and animals fueled a surge in world population Population growth due to increased nutritional value Of diets Also spread the human populations voluntarily and Involuntarily Triangular Trade
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The Origins of Global Trade
Environmental Effects Of Global Trade Transoceanic Trade Manila Galleons Emergence of global Trading system Manila and Philippines And Acapulco on the West Coast Exchanges between Mexico and Asia Many animals Came close to extinction World became Exploited by humans For its natural and Agricultural resources
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