1. Chap 23 Day 1, Aim: How did Transoceanic Encounters lead to Global Connections?
Do NOW: PAIR/SHARE 1) Why did Columbus include these statements to Isabel and Ferdinand?
1. That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said island, no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those who have taken out colonists' papers, and have built houses for their abode, in the town in which they are, that they may live united and in greater safety.
2. That there shall be a church, and parish priests or friars to administer the sacraments, to perform divine worship, and for the conversion of the Indians.
3. That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license from the governor or alcalde of the town where he lives; and that he must first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he may have found…

2. Portuguese Exploration and the Lure of Trade
Maritime routes to Asia
Spices, silk, porcelain
Silk roads more dangerous since spread of Bubonic Plague
Prices, profits increase
Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes
African gold, ivory, slaves
Originally for fishing
Land hunger
Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands
Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane – Why?

3. The Technology of Exploration
Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century
Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sails
Work better with cross winds
Navigational instruments
Knowledge of winds, currents
The Volta do Mar
Navig. Technique- learn winds- circular

4. Wind and current patterns in the world’s oceans – Effects?

5. Portuguese Breakthroughs
Prince Henry of Portugal ( )
Promoted exploration of west African coast
Established fortified trading posts
1488 Barolomeo Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin
Storms, restless crew force return
Vasco de Gama reaches India by this route, 1497
By 1500, a trading post at Calicut

6. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Hemispheric Links
Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia
But by early 16th century, several powers follow- WHY? Diff with China?
English, Spanish, French, Dutch
Realization of value of newly discovered Americas
Believed Earth was smaller
Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles)
Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip
Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage
Discovers Bahamas, Cuba

7. European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, How does this differ from earlier exploration?

8. Circumnavigation of the Globe
Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, 1513
Distance to Asia unknown
Ferdinand Magellan ( ) not supported by Portuguese, uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in
Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America
Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors survive journey
Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippine Islands

9. Exploration of the Pacific
Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route- WHY?
English, Russians look for Northwest Passage to Asia
Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle
Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America
Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait
James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific
Exploration of the Pacific

10. Establishment of Trading-Post Empires
Portuguese first to set up trading posts – WHY?
50 by mid-16th century
Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge duties
Alfonso d’Alboquerque major naval commander
Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amputated
Yet Arab traders continue to operate
Portuguese control declines by end of 16th c. – WHY?

11. European trading posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700
English and Dutch Trading Posts
Rival, parallel trading networks
English concentrate on Indian trade
Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo, southern Pacific

12. Assessment
Create a multiple choice question based on previous material
Exchange question with neighbor
Share question/answer with whole class

13. Extra Credit
Why was Portugal able to take an early lead in the exploration of the Indian Ocean? How did such a tiny country gain supremacy over the trade in that region? When and how did they lose that supremacy?
What were some of the new trade goods entering the world markets in the sixteenth century? How would European demand for these products affect overseas trade and colonization?