1. Basal Ganglia CD-ROM: Case II, The Shaky Carpenter
Notes: Chapter 4, Basal Ganglia, p

2. Case Description
Case 2: The Shaky Carperter, Case Description, frame 1-3

3. CNS centres that participate in the commend of skeletal muscle
Ideomotor area
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Spinal reflexes

4. Basal Ganglia: Basic Functions
participate in planning of high-level movement synergies, including initiation and termination of movements.
Background: Frame 1

5. Basal Ganglia: Objectives
1. Categorize and list the nucleic components of basal ganglia. .
2. Provide a general description of the circuitry through the nuclei*.
Illustrate the anatomical relationships of the nuclei
AND
their relationships to important neighbouring structures.
*FYI only

6. Objective 1a: Components of the Basal Ganglia
Corpus Striatum (telencephalic):
a. Striatum
i. Caudate nucleus*
ii. Putamen*
b. Pallidum
i. Globus Pallidus (External)*
ii. Globus Pallidus (Internal)*
2. Subthalamic Nucleus (diencephalic)
3. Substantia nigra (mesencephalic)
Frame 2,3
Notes: p. 28,Section and p.29, Section 4.2.1

7. Objective 1b: Taxonomy of Corpus Striatum
Lentiform nucleus
Anatomically identifiable entities
Frame 2-3
Notes: p. 20, Section 4.2.1

8. Objective 2: Circuitry between nuclei of the Basal Ganglia (FYI only)
Cerebral cortex
Motor cortex
Brain stem
&
Spinal cord
Striatum
Thalamus
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic n.
Frame 11-12
Notes: p , Section 4.1.2, Fig. 4-1
Basal ganglia

9. Objective 3: Anatomy and Relationships
Two basic concepts

10. Concept # 1 Because of the caudal and C-shape
development of the telencephalon,
portion of it comes to lie superior and lateral
to the diencephalon.
CD-ROM Introduction to Nervous system: 6, frame 4 – 9
Notes: p. 9. Section 2.1.2, Fig. 2-2

11. Concept # 2 LV LV 3rd 4rd Lateral Ventricles and interventricular
foramina are bilateral structures.
3rd Ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and 4th
Ventricle are mid-line, single structures.
CD-ROM Introduction to Nervous system: 6, frame 4 – 9
Notes: p. 9. Section 2.1.2, Fig. 2.2

12. 3-1. Anatomy of the corpus striatum in situ
Occipital
Parietal
Curves into
Temporal
lobe
Insular
Frontal
Temporal
Globus pallidus (med)
Putamen (lat)
Frame 2,3,7,8
Notes: Section p. 30, Fig. 4-2
Lateral fissure

13. 3-2. Anatomy and relationship of the corpus striatum, thalamus and internal capsule
Tail: not seen
Frame 2,3,7,8
Notes: p , Section and 4.3.2, Fig. 4-3

14. 3-3 Relationships between caudate n., thalamus, and ventricles
Lat. Vent. –
Ant. Horn
Third Vent.
Lat. Vent. –
Post. Horn
Lentiform n.
Caudate n.
Thalamus
Frame 9, 4, 5, 6, 3
Notes: p , Section 4.1.3, (Fig. 4-4: see Frame 3,4,5)

15. Summary: Basal Ganglia
Basal ganglia: consist of telencephalic, diencephalic,
and mesencephalic components
Corpus striatum: Striatum (caudate n. and putamen) and
Pallidum (globus pallidus); lentiform n. (putamen & g. pallidus)
Anatomical (and functional) relationships of the nuclei
within the corpus striatum
AND
their relationships to: insular, thalamus, int. capsule, & ventricles.

16. Diencephalon: Thalamus Visual Pathway (Self-directed Learning)
CD-ROM: Case III, Thalamic Pain
Notes: Chapter 5, Thalamus, p
Visual Pathway
(Self-directed Learning)
CD-ROM: Case IV, Left-sided Bruises
Notes: Chapter 5, Visual Pathway, p

17. Case Description
Case 3: Thalamic Pain, Case Description, frame 1-3

18. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus
All bilateral, with the 3rd ventricle
running through in the midline
Notes: p. 33, Introduction

19. Thalamus: a simple concept on what takes place in it.
All ascending fibers from
subcortical regions,
including basal ganglia
and retina (CN II),
must synapse in a
thalamic nucleus before reaching the cortex…..
a relay station.
Case 3, Frame 6
Notes: p. 24, Introduction, Fig. 5-1 A

20. Objective 1: Thalamus and internal capsule
Corona radiata
Caudate N.
Internal capsule
Putamen
Medial GP
Lateral
Thalamus
Coronal section

21. Diencephalon: Objectives
Thalamus
Categorize the groups of nuclei in the thalamus
Describe the afferent origin and efferent (cortical) destination of the:
1. the modality specific nuclei
2. the association nuclei
3. non-specific nuclei

22. Concept # 2 LV LV 3rd 4rd Lateral Ventricles and interventricular
foramina are bilateral structures.
3rd Ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and 4th
Ventricle are mid-line, single structures.
CD-ROM Introduction to Nervous system: 6, frame 4 – 9
Notes: p. 9. Section 2.1.2, Fig. 2.2

23. Diencephalon: a review of its anatomical position
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Case 3, Frame 1-5
Notes: p. 33, Fig. 5-1 B

24. Objective 1: Categories of Thalamic Nuclei
Modality specific (to primary cortical areas)
Association (to association areas)
Non-specific (to all areas for cortical arousal)
Case 3, Frame 7-13
Notes: p , Sections

25. Objective 2-1a: origin and destinations of the modality-specific nuclei – ventral-anterior and ventral-lateral nuclei
To Motor Cortex
To Premotor Cortex VA VL
From
Globus Pallidus
From Cerebellum
Case 6, Frame 9-10
Notes: p. 35, Section 5.1.1, Fig. 5-2

26. Objective 2-1b: origin and destinations of the modality-specific nuclei – ventral-posterior nucleus
To Senory Cortex VP
From trigeminal n. and
sensory tracts of spinal cord
Case 6, Frame 9-10
Notes: p. 35, Section 5.1.1, Fig. 5-2

27. Objective 2-1c: origin and destinations of the modality-specific nuclei – medial geniculate nucleus
MGN
To Auditory Cortex
Ascending tracts from cochlear
Case 6, Frame 9-10
Notes: p. 35, Section 5.1.1, Fig. 5-2

28. Objective 2-1d: origin and destinations of the modality-specific nuclei – lateral geniculate nucleus
From Optic Tracts
LGN
To Visual Cortex
Case 6, Frame 9-10
Notes: p. 35, Section 5.1.1, Fig. 5-2

29. Objective 2-2: origin and destinations of the association nuclei – anterior, dorsal, and pulvinar
To various Assoc. Cortex,
e.g. visual association
To Prefrontal Assoc. Cortex A D
Pulvinar
From hypothalamic
and limbic nuclei
From various areas, eg. sup. colliculus
Case 6, Frame 11-12
Notes: p. 35, Section 5.1.2, Fig. 5-2

30. Objective 2-3: origin and destinations of the non-specific nuclei – intralaminar nuclei
Cortex everywhere for arounsal I
From reticular formation
in the brain stem
Case 6, Frame 13
Notes: p. 35, Section 5.1.3, Fig. 5-2

31. Summary: Thalamus & Visual Pathway
Anatomical position
Afferent origin - Thalamic nuclei - Cortical destination
(modality specific, association/multimodality, non-specific)