2. Human anatomy Luo Shedan E-mail:luoshedan@ctgu.edu.cn Office Numer:S-2621

3. Arthrology 1.The connections between the bones are called joints or articulations 2.The joints can be classified Into three : (1)synarthroses joints The bones are in almost direct contact Together by connective tissue or hyaline cartilage, No appreciable movements occurs in the joints. (2)amphiarthroses joints Less movements occurs in the joints (3)diarthroses (synovial joints) movements occurs in the joints

4. 1.synarthroses: 1)fibrous joints (1)sutures; United fibrous tissues (2)syndesmoses, united by ligment or a sheet of fibrous tissues

5. 2)cartilagious joints (1)synchondroses, united by hyaline cartilage; (2)symphyses, united by fibrocartilage).

6. 3)synostoses united by ossification of fibrous joint or synchondrosis,such as hip bone Or sacrum

7. 2.diarthroses(synovial joits): 1)essential structures of synovial joint: (1)articular surface, (2)articular capsule, (2-1)fibrous membrane (2-2)synovial membrane synovial fluid(synovia); (3)articular cavity,formed by the synovial membrane and articular cartilage;

8. 2)Accessory structures Ligaments (lig.) : extra- and intracapsular ligaments Articular disc and articular labrum : Synovial fold and synovial bursa

9. Movement of joint: 1.Flexion and extension

10. Adduction and abduction

11. Rotation pronation and supination Medial and lateral rotation

12. –Inversion and – eversion

13. Circumduction

14. Protraction And retraction

18. Classification of synovial joints Uniaxial joints: –hinge joints 屈戍关节 –trochoid (pivot) joints 车轴关节 Biaxial joints 双轴关节 : –ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节 –saddle joints 鞍状关节 Multiaxial joints 多轴关节 : –ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节 –plane joints 平面关节