2.   Charles I v. Parliament  Cavaliers (royalists) v. “Roundheads” (Parliament)  Charles I defeated, executed 1649  Protectorate (Puritan rule)  Oliver Cromwell – “Lord Protector”  Theaters closed, conservative rule 5 Revolutions: 1. Political (England)

3.   Cromwell dies 1658  Charles II restored in 1660  Dies in 1685 w/out heir  James II (Catholic) assumes throne  No male heir, daughter (Mary) Protestant  Has a son (will be raised Catholic) 5 Revolutions: 1. Political (England)

4.   “Glorious Revolution”  Populace wants P. ruler  “power brokers” invite Mary & William (husband) to take throne, James dethroned w/out “much” bloodshed  Act of Settlement (crown kept in P. hands)  Parliament gains almost complete control of gov’t with George I (1714) 5 Revolutions: 1. Political (England)

5.   Manufacturing  Technology  Energy sources (steam)  Growth of “not London” cities continues 5 Revolutions: 2. Industrial

6.   Concurrent w. Industrial  Technology  New machinery  Crop rotation techniques  Larger farms  Improved transportation 5 Revolutions: 3. Agricultural

7.   DUH  England – significant military power  Weakened by loss of colonies 5 Revolutions: 4. Political (America)

8.   1789 – French Revolution  So what?  Gov’t “of the people” now in Europe  Government w/out king/monarch established in “old country” 5 Revolutions: 5. Political (France)

9.   Parliament grows in stature, so does London  1660 – theaters reopen, women allowed on stage  1664 – “Great Plague” hits London  15% of population killed in 2 years  1666 – Great Fire of London  Est. 70,000 of 80,000 people lost homes London as “Center”

10.   As London rebuilds…  Transportation improvements  Turnpikes  Canals  Primarily for business  Allows for greater individual mobility London as “Center”

11.   Away from London  Country (rural)  Sober, thoughtful topics  Meditative  Rural, contemplative mood became dominant in poetry Focus shifts…but not completely

12.   What holds the social order together?  What can one know about the order of the world or the “right” way to behave?  What is my place in the social order? Societal Questions

13.   Newton  Universe governed by natural physical principles  “divine watchmaker” theory of God  Milton – Paradise Lost  Fall of Satan, Adam & Eve  Answers previous Question #2? Societal Questions

14.   Milton  “Paradise Lost”  Epic poem in English to “match those of Homer & Virgil”  Considered Arthurian legends (echoing Homer & Virgil), decided on “fall of man”  Protectorate, Restoration…  “fall of man & coming of a redeemer to restore humanity to its rightful place”  Milton as O.T. prophet, heralding the “coming” (socially & politically) Social Effects on Literature

15.   Swift  Takes advantage of growth of reason over “revelation”  Satire  “Mock-serious” in tone, ridicules conduct by “shining a light” on its ridiculousness Satire

16.   Coffeehouses  Rise in popularity w/middle class  Trade “gossip”, read “magazines” (new)  More “proper” than a tavern/pub London as “Center”

17.   Essay  Coffeehouses & “new” magazines  “sermons for the middle class”  Novel  Started as “quasi-religious” narratives (see previous)  Person struggling to survive in a hostile, evil, or indifferent world New Literary Forms

18.   Rise of the Middle class contributes to the growth & development of these new forms  Literate audience  Money to spend on periodicals/books  Time to read them New Literary Forms