1. Cardiovascular disease 1/Pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) - Effect of artherosclerosis and its links to cardiovascular disease (CVD) - Thrombosis 2/ Causes of peripheral vascular disorders 3/ Control of cholesterol levels 4/ Familial hypercholesterolaemia

2. Cardiovascular disease 1/Pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) - Effect of artherosclerosis and its links to cardiovascular disease (CVD) - Thrombosis

3. Diagram to come…

4. Effect of artherosclerosis and its links to cardiovascular disease (CVD) What is atherosclerosis? The accumulation of fatty material (consisting mainly of cholesterol), fibrous material and calcium forming a plaque. What is the other name given to a plaque? An atheroma. Where about in the artery the plaque is formed? The atheroma forms beneath the inner lining (endothelium) of the artery wall What are the consequences of plaque formation on arteries ? As the atheroma grows the artery wall thickens and loses its elasticity.

5. What is the effect of thickened artery wall and loss of elasticity? The diameter of the lumen of the artery becomes reduced due to the narrowing of the artery’s lumen. Blood flow becomes restricted Blood pressure increases as a result What is the other name given to the thickening of the artery wall and loss of its elasticity? Hardening of the arteries What 4 cardio vascular diseases is artherosclerosis the root cause of? Angina, heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Watch this video now: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLonh7ZesKs

6. Cardiovascular disease 1/Pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) - Effect of artherosclerosis and its links to cardiovascular disease (CVD) - Thrombosis

7. Diagram here!

8. What is thrombosis? Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a vessel. What is the other name given to a blood clot? A thrombus Where does the blood clot come from in general terms? From a damage to the endothelium of a blood vessel What causes the damage? Athroma may rupture the endothelium.

9. Heart attack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_VsHm oRQKk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_VsHm oRQKk

10. What are is the sequence of events resulting in the formation of a blood clot? The damage releases clotting factors that activate a cascade of reactions resulting in the conversion of the enzyme prothrombin to its active form thrombin. Thrombin then causes molecules of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of insoluble fibrin protein. The fibrin threads form a meshwork that platelets adhere to forming a blood clot which seals the wound and provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue.

11. What happens if a thrombus breaks loose? It forms a detached traveling mass carried by circulation. What is the name given to such this mass? an embolus What is the problem caused by an embolus? An embolus travels through the bloodstream until it blocks a blood vessel. What is the consequence of an thrombosis in a coronary artery? It may lead to a myocardial infarction (MI), i.e. a heart attack (death tissue in the heart muscle) What is the consequence of an thrombosis in an artery in the brain? It may lead to a stroke. Why is this? Cells normally served by the blocked artery are deprived of oxygen. This normally results in the death of some of the corresponding tissue.

12. A stent: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9AqBd4RExkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9AqBd4RExk Cardiac bypass https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM Actual video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0-nIGQZ2PI