1. Environmental Laws & Regulations

2. Introduction to Environmental Laws and Regulations
Where did all the environmental laws come from?

3. How the Environmental Laws Work
Federal Government
Executive
Legislative
Judicial
Congress initiates legislation and passes a law
EPA
Individual states take the law and pass it on the state level
EPA interprets the law and writes the rulebook
Committees review the laws and amend them as necessary
State agencies take the rules from the EPA and enforce the laws
Certain laws are enforced on a federal level

4. Enforcement Options Conservation means management of resources
Preservation means management but you cannot disturb the area
Restoration means you return area to the original condition (not very realistic)
Remediation is a general term that means cleaning up (most common term used)
Mitigation means repairing an affected area, usually by replacing it somewhere else (wetlands)
Reclamation means you are recovering resources or land from contaminated sites (recovering metal from electronics)

5. Awareness of Our Environment
We are much more aware of how our actions effect the environment today
Organizations such as Sierra Club, Chesapeake Bay Foundation and Ducks Unlimited help raise awareness
Involvement has increased -community meetings -protests volunteers

6. Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson
Rachel Carson was a biologist, a naturalist and an accomplished writer
Her book took over 2 years to write
Although industry touted it as the writings of an hysterical woman, the country and the government sat up, listened and became “aware” of the damage being caused and began to react

7. Cuyahoga River, Ohio
In the late 60’s the Cuyahoga River, which is located in Northeast Ohio, caught on fire
The river was one of the most polluted rivers in the US.
It has actually caught on fire several times.
This event inspired the environmental movement.

8. Love Canal
Land around Niagara Falls, New York was a disposal area for Hooker Chemical Company
Developers built a “dream” community on the property
Highly toxic materials began to leech into the local water system

9. Love Canal (continued)
President Carter declared the land a Federal Disaster Area on August 7, 1978
Residents abandoned homes and businesses and cleanup began
This is the incident that prompted CERCLA (clean-up provisions)

10. Times Beach
Dioxin contaminated oil was sprayed on dirt roads and fields to control dust
EPA tested the soil and found dangerous levels of dioxins
Residents had to abandon the community in 1983
Incinerators were built on-site to dispose of the contaminated soil

11. How do these laws affect me?
Citizens elect state and federal legislators
Legislators introduce legislation based on the constituency
State and Federal laws are passed that regulate the businesses and industries that generate hazardous or dangerous chemicals

12. The Environmental Protection Agency
Created in 1970 by President Nixon
Replaced the Environmental Health Service
Mission Statement is to Protect the Environment for our generation and future generations

13. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 1969
Declared a national environmental policy and promotes consideration of environmental concerns by federal agencies
Title I: declared a national environmental policy and goals, provides a method for accomplishing these goals and includes guidance

14. NEPA (continued)
Title II: created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) and its responsibilities
An Environmental Impact Study (EIS) may be required if a proposed action that may affect the quality of the human environment

15. Clean Air Act History
In 1963, the Clean Air Act was first passed with regulatory language
Grants were provided for air pollution control agencies and established a pollution abatement conference procedure
In 1965, Congress added Title II, The Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act which provided emission standards

16. Clean Air Act of 1970
EPA had the authority to establish regulatory goals and standards
Standards for 50 industrial processes were developed
189 Pollutants were initially regulated
Permit requirements were established
Criminal sanctions for non-compliance were established

17. Clean Air Act (continued)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): primary and secondary standards for each pollutant to protect public health
Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) were established
State Implementation Plans (SIPs): states were given the task of setting the regulatory structure to achieve the NAAQS

18. Clean Air Act (continued)
Attainment: If an area has achieved the NAAQSs for a parameter, it is considered to be in attainment status
Nonattainment Areas: Those areas where the NAAQSs have not been achieved
Title V

19. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NESHAP is the toxic equivalent to the NAAQSs
If a NESHAP is set for a pollutant, a facility must apply for governmental approval for operation
Asbestos, Benzene, Beryllium, Coke oven emissions, Inorganic Arsenic, Mercury, Radionuclides, and Vinyl Chloride

20. NESHAP (continued)
New Source or changes to an existing source must be approved by the EPA prior to bringing the process on-line

21. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
Created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration under the Department of Labor
Established exposure limitations for 22 hazardous substances and 380 air contaminants (Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances)
Required the use of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

22. OSH Act (continued)
Established the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Enforced employer documentation
Established the right to perform inspections

23. The Clean Water Act History
In 1972, a law was passed to protect the purity of our natural waterways.
In 1977 significant changes were made to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the renamed the Clean Water Act.

24. Clean Water Act Regulations
The Clean Water Act regulates industrial discharge into a navigable waterway.

25. Navigable?
A “navigable waterway” is any body of water that a vessel can navigate. This includes oceans, lakes, rivers, ...

26. …and each little creek, tributary and stream that feeds into a larger more navigable waterway.

27. CWA Elements There are five basic program elements: permit program
minimum national effluent standards
water quality standards
toxic chemical or oil spills
construction grant program for POTWs

28. CWA Industry Requirements
Established allowable levels of specific pollutants for restricted use
65 (128) Toxic Pollutants were regulated
Effluent and Pretreatment guidelines were established
Best Available Technology was defined
Spill cleanup provisions were established

29. CWA (continued)
National Pollutant Discharge and Elimination Systems (NPDES) permitting
Navigable Waterways
Administrated by the State Discharge
Monitoring Reports (DMR)
Stormwater Discharge
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
Administrated by the Municipality

30. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act of 1972
Required the registration of all pesticide products used in the US
The EPA can now regulate the use of pesticide products
Substances that may be of a “substantial question of safety” to the public can be “cancelled”
Suspension orders could immediately ban the use of a pesticide product

31. FIFRA (continued)
Registration is required to be able to purchase and use certain pesticide products
The EPA must consult with the US Department of Agriculture

32. Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
Established Maximum Contaminant Levels for 83 compounds
Defined treatment techniques for specific contaminants
Required filtration and disinfection of potable water
Established programs for underground injection control

33. SDWA (continued)
Gave the State the responsibility for implementing wellhead protection programs
Defined five classes of wells

34. Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975
Required hazardous materials shipments to be packaged, labeled and transported according to Department of Transportation (DOT) requirements
Established hazard classes
Required carriers to report all spills and emergency incidents concerning hazardous materials to the DOT within 15 days

35. Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
Established a 90-day notification period prior to the manufacture of new chemicals
Authorized the EPA to restrict or prohibit the manufacturer of chemicals that would pose an unreasonable risk to health or environment
Requires the manufacturer to conduct health and environmental impact studies

36. TSCA (continued)
Regulates the use, monitoring of and disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Regulates the removal or demolition of Asbestos Containing Materials (>1% asbestos)
Restricts the use of CFCs for aerosol propellant

37. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1986
Title 40 Code Federal Regulations, Chapter I, Subchapter I, Parts
Identified specific wastes and processes which produce hazardous waste
Established hazardous waste characterization (TCLP, IRC)
Required generators and transporters to register with the EPA

38. RCRA (continued)
Defined Large and Small Quantity Generators and the exemptions
Required the use of manifests
Regulated Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities and the permitting
Established requirements for Underground Storage Tanks (UST)

39. “Cradle to Grave”
Generators of Hazardous Waste are responsible for the waste until it is neutralized or deemed “non-hazardous”
Subtitle C ensures full documentation that the hazardous waste generated was properly transported and disposed of

40. Solid Waste Disposal Act
The Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) (became law on October 20, 1965.
In its original form, it was a broad attempt to address the solid waste problems confronting the nation through a series of research projects, investigations, experiments, training, demonstrations, surveys, and studies.
Provisions for solid waste eventually became a provision of RCRA

41. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liabilitly Act (CERCLA) of 1980
Established a 1.6 billion dollar trust fund (Superfund) to clean up hazardous waste sites
Established a National Priorities List (NPL)
Regulated the spill size reportable to the National Response Center ( lbs depending on the substance)

42. CERCLA (continued)
Authorized the EPA to administrate the responsible parties in cleanup activities as well as immediate cleanups
Imposed a tax on petroleum products and 42 feedstock chemicals

43. Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986
Reauthorized and amended CERCLA
Established Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know which requires planning and participation with local emergency response agencies
Included a “miscellaneous” category as a “catch all”

44. SARA Title III: Extremely Hazardous Substances
Requires facilities to notify local and state emergency response organizations within 60 days if there an Extremely Hazardous Substance is in production, use or storage above the Threshold Planning Quantity

45. SARA Title III: Tier I and Tier II
If a facility is required to maintain an MSDS for a substance, an initial Tier I and annual Tier II report must be filed with the local and state emergency response organizations.
Report indicates the quantity stored on the property for the previous reporting year above 10,000 pounds (except for EHS)

46. SARA Title III: Reporting Form R
Any eligible facility must report the manufacture of, production of or otherwise use of any of the three-hundred Section 313 listed compounds
25,000 lb. Threshold for manufacture use of
10,000 lb. Threshold for “otherwise use of”

47. Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Identifies Vessels, Onshore and Offshore Facilities, Deepwater Ports and Pipelines as the responsible parties in an oil spill
Requires that the responsible party pay damages, revenues, etc.
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund monies may be used to pay claims and/or other associated costs

48. Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know (EPCRA)
Industry must inform the public and the state and local emergency response committees of any hazardous or extremely hazardous substances used or produced.

49. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
CITES is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union).

50. Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
Identified goals and established training programs
Established state grant programs
Implemented a review on source reduction
Created a national clearinghouse of information on pollution prevention

51. Endangered Species Act (1973)
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 was designed to protect critically “imperiled species” from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation“
i.e. you cannot buy, sell or trade and organisms that are listed by the US endangered species list; the habitat is also protected

52. Atomic Energy Act of 1954
The Atomic Energy Act covers the development and regulation of all nuclear materials for the purposes of commerce, energy production, defense or medical advancement.

53. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Assures the safety, wholesomeness, efficacy, and truthful packaging and labeling of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices.

54. Food Quality Protection Act
Sets limits on pesticide residue in food and requires that ingredients are tested for heath effects.

55. Kyoto Protocol (1997)
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming.
The UNFCCC is an international treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

56. Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987.

57. Soil & Water Conservation Act and Soil Conservation Act
Two acts designed to protect the top soil from erosion and nutrient depletion; establishes conservation methods and programs