1. Unit 4: Industrial Revolution
By: Ben Causey, Alex Petronio, and Becca Wilton

2. Karl Marx
What:
A well trained and well educated German journalist (581).
He wanted a worker-led revolution (582)
He produced three volumes of critique and analysis of his views of capitalism (582).
So What:
He organized revolutionary socialists and campaigned throughout the industrial revolution (582). BC 2

3. Friedrich Engels What:
Wrote “The Condition of the Working Class in England” (575).
Joined with Marx to produce the “Communist Manifesto” and “Das Kapital” (582).
So What:
He and Marx were the two most prominent industrialists and they wrote two very significant works that discussed conditions and standards of work in the industrial revolution. BC 3

4. Robert Owen
What:
Factory reformer who fought for the rights of kids and women having to work in textile mills.
Believed that there were more enjoyable and productive things for kids to be doing than working, education for example.
So What:
He reformed the community of New Lanark and built schools, parks, and non-violant factories. He also passed a reform increasing the age a boy must be to get hired. BC 4

5. Richard Gatling
What:
He invented the machine gun which forever changed the face of warfare.
The gatling gun required some human assistance but was the first gun to shoot so rapidly.
So What:
This metal inventions greatly summarizes the kind of technology that was being developed. New technology was taking over jobs that would otherwise be run by human force. BC 5

6. Enclosure Acts
Definition: Laws passed ( ) that converted public lands to private owners to be sold and grown.
So What? The results of the enclosure acts were favorable to landowners. Urban businessmen began to buy land as agricultural investments. Productivity shot up and landowners prospered. However, many cottagers were turned into tenant farmers and wage laborers, which ultimately caused peasant riots to break out. Many farmers now turned to industries to support their meager incomes.
Spodek AP

7. Reform Bill of 1832
Definition: Fearing revolution, the Whig party of Parliament passed the Reform Bill of 1832, which shifted 143 seats from rural constituencies to the expanding urban constituencies.
So What? The Reform Bill of 1832 started the bills from Parliament which ultimately shifted power from complete control by the aristocratic nobilities to the rest of society, including the middle and working classes.
Spodek 579 AP

8. Chartist Movement
Definition: A national working-class movement dissatisfied with both the 1832 Reform Bill and the Poor Law who presented a Charter to Parliament (in 1838) calling for universal male suffrage. The chartists wished to achieve this by gaining influence in politics instead of breaking machines.
So What? The Chartist Movement helped show men ways of getting what they needed without violence. People learned to talk and express their problems in ways that did not cause harm to the rest of society. This was new to the world and gave hope and inspiration for new movements to Parliament.
Spodek 580 AP

9. Labor Organizations
Definition: Groups of the working-class who organized themselves in order to improve the labor conditions.
So What? Labor organizations allowed the workers’ voices to be heard. It allowed new forms of leadership to be thought up (e.g. Karl Marx’s idea that the proletariats, or working class, should rule and should revolt to get power). These also allowed people to have their voices heard in different ways, like striking. The idea of labor organizations reached all the way to France, Germany, and the United States of America,
Spodek AP

10. How did the Industrial Revolution begin and what were some important innovations?
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain around 1700 with the improvement of agricultural technology and enclosure acts which redistributed land; this spurred a desire to produce products more efficiently as well as transport them more efficiently. The drive for innovation spread to other areas of the British economy, like into the textile and mining industries. Some important inventions from the Industrial Revolution are:
Seed Drill – Jethro Tull in 1701
Steam Engine – Thomas Newcomen, 1712
Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney, 1793
Rocket, a locomotive – George Stephenson, 1829 BW

11. What political reforms were inspired by the Industrial Revolution?
Two major political reforms were inspired by the Industrial Revolution: universal male suffrage and labor laws for factory workers. In 1918 universal male suffrage was accomplished, but only after many attempts by groups like the Chartists and other political activists to gain the attention of the Parliament. The Factory Act of 1833 forbade children under the age of nine from working in factories and also provided inspectors to enforce this ruling; once the Factory Act passed a slew of other legislations soon follow detailing work rules, like the Ten Hour Act. BW

12. What role did women play in the Industrial Revolution?
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution women were able to work in factories, but soon were displaced by their husbands/men in general. Unfortunately, single women still had to work in factories to make a living but were not paid half as much as men, on the grounds that men needed a “family wage.” As a result, many single women resorted to prostitution. Around the same time the “cult of domesticity” was developing, which forced women back home to take care of the household and their children. BW

13. What were Karl Marx’s beliefs and how were they influential?
Karl Marx, a Jewish German philosopher, believed that economic prosperity was the result of the proletariat – the people actually doing the work in the factories etc. Marx promoted a revolution whose end goal was a worker-led government. Short terms goals were free education, the establishment of a heavy income tax, and the abolition of child labor in factories. Marx’s ideas helped to influence several major political endeavors, such as the French Revolution and the American Civil War. BW

14. Industrial Revolution Timeline
Dates:
Event:
Significance:
Manufacturing Revolution
New technology was being produced including machines to make other machines.
Agricultural Revolution
New farming technology allowed for cultivation and food productivity to soar (650).
Transportation Revolution
Trains and new ships allowed for the movement of goods and people.
1833
The Factory Act
Gave children more rights and less expectatios working in textile mills and factories
1871
Trade Union Act
Legalized trade unions for the first time in the United Kingdom. BC

15. Known as the “second city in the British Empire”, Glasgow was the largest engineering and shipbuilding city in the world at the time of the IR
Glasgow
Manchester
The site of the Peterloo Massacre in St. Peter’s Fields
Liverpool
The leading city for the production of cotton, Liverpool became a capital of trade
Major industrial centers of Europe
Leipzig
Brussels
Protesting students and workers briefly took control of Vienna after Karl Marx expressed his views
Vienna AP AP

16. The Industrial Revolution was a combination of many smaller revolutions.BW