1. THE ROMAN EMPIRE

2. Augustus - (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ended the Republic and Rome is now an empire established the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) 27 B.C. - 180 A.D. Senate still existed with consuls, emperors rule as monarchs Reforms: made army loyal to him former soldiers are settled in the provinces granted citizenship to people in the provinces created a civil service open to all classes, based on talent with paid salaries census was taken to insure fair taxation

3. Julian Emperors (all relatives of Julius Caesar) Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero When emperors did not name an heir, often generals would lead their armies into the city and take over. Other Emperors of note: Trajan (Spaniard) made Roman Empire its greatest size Hadrian - recruited soldiers in the provinces to protect their homeland Marcus Aurelius - allowed Germanic tribes to settle on the borders of the empire. Wrote a book called “Meditations”

4. After 180 A.D. - Rome begins its decline

5. Rome is the “ETERNAL CITY” Because Rome has conquered so many countries, Rome becomes an international city. Many cultures, languages, religions, etc. can be found in Rome. Food is free! Wealth pours into the city from the provinces. Coined money is issued. Trade is exceptional - Roman Navy protects merchant ships all over world. Almost anything can be found in Rome.

6. After Rome reaches its greatest size, flow of treasure slows down. Not as much money to pay soldiers and for other expenses. Solutions:cutback the army conscript soldiers in provinces increase taxes increase the money supply

7. Diocletion (284 - 305) 1.Divided empire in half. (East and West) 2. He ruled in the east and appointed someone in the west 3. Reorganized the civil service 4. Enlarged the army 5. Built new forts 6. Set prices and wages/forced people to stay at their jobs

8. Constantine (312 - 337) 1. Reunited the empire 2. Moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium and builds a new city: Constantinople 3. Wants new city to be Christian 4. Closer to eastern business 5. More secure from invasion (Germanic Tribes)

9. GERMANIC TRIBES - Herders and farmers (semi -nomadic) from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) King Chief Chief Chief warriors warriors warriors 1. Chiefs chosen for bravery 2. Warrior fought for chief 3. Chief would supply shield, spear, food and shelter 4. Chief administered justice in his region

10. Why Tribes invaded the Roman Empire 1. Overpopulation 2. Lack of food 3. Fear of Huns 376 A.D. - Romans are defeated by the Visigoths at Adrianople 1. Rome can be defeated 2. Tribes pour into empire 3. Rome is weak and can’t defend itself

11. 410 A.D. - Visigoths, led by Alaric, invade Italy and sack Rome. Rome has to give up Gaul and Spain Huns (from Asia) conquer eastern Europe. Led by Atilla (Scourge of God) 1. Romans ally with Germans 2. Defeat Huns at Battle of Troyes (451 A.D.) 455 A.D. - Vandals sack Rome. This ends the western half of the Roman Empire. Eastern half continues for another 1000 years 476 A.D. - German king Odoacer proclaims himself King of Italy

12. Political Lack of good leadership and respect of citizens towards government Corruption in provinces Division of empire hurt the west. Best of everything went east. WHY ROMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSED

13. Economic Most of the money and goods came from the east. Division cut off west. No new loot coming in from conquered areas. Devaluation of the coin caused high inflation Civil wars and Germanic invasions cutoff trade and tax collection Providing free grain drained a valuable resource WHY ROMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSED

14. Social Civic pride and loyalty were gone. Lacked the unity and discipline of the Republic. Decline in morals and values No national religion (no unifying force)