1. Enlightenment & Revolution

2. Enlightenment “Age of Reason” “Age of Reason” Philosophical movement in the 18 th century. Philosophical movement in the 18 th century. Rejection of traditional social, religious, & political ideas. Rejection of traditional social, religious, & political ideas. Emphasis on rationalism & individuality. Emphasis on rationalism & individuality.

3. Philosophes Social critics in France during the 1700s Social critics in France during the 1700s Met in salons Met in salons Influenced by England Influenced by England

4. Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776) The Wealth of Nations (1776) Economist: pro-capitalist Economist: pro-capitalist Gov shouldn’t regulate—Laissez-Faire Gov shouldn’t regulate—Laissez-Faire Defines economics in three “natural laws” Defines economics in three “natural laws” 1. Productive when “self-motivated” 2. Competition = Balanced marketplace 3. Supply/Demand are product of free trade

5. Thomas Hobbes English Philosopher – writes Leviathan (1651) English Philosopher – writes Leviathan (1651) Man is evil Man is evil Strong gov (Absolute) Strong gov (Absolute) People have no rights No right to rebel Social Contract Social Contract Give up certain rights=order in society

6. John Locke English –Two Treatises of Government (1690) & Declaration of Rights of Man (1690) English –Two Treatises of Government (1690) & Declaration of Rights of Man (1690) Against absolute rule Against absolute rule Self-government by people Self-government by people Men are born equal and free Men are born equal and free Natural Rights Natural Rights Gov should protect rights Gov should protect rights If they don’t = Revolution If they don’t = Revolution

7. Jean Jacques Rousseau Swiss-Frenchman Swiss-Frenchman The Social Contract (1762) The Social Contract (1762) Individual freedom of people Individual freedom of people Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Also used Social Contract Also used Social Contract Inspired French Rev Inspired French Rev

8. Voltaire Candide (1759) Candide (1759) Fought for religious freedom and freedom of speech Fought for religious freedom and freedom of speech

9. Montesquieu French nobleman –The Spirit of Laws (1748) French nobleman –The Spirit of Laws (1748) Separation of Powers (Checks & Balances) Separation of Powers (Checks & Balances) England’s System of Government England’s System of Government King/Ministers – Executive Power King/Ministers – Executive Power Parliament – Legislative Power Parliament – Legislative Power Judges – Judicial Power Judges – Judicial Power Idea later became basis for the US Constitution Idea later became basis for the US Constitution

10. Casare Beccaria Italian, On Crimes and Punishments (1764) Italian, On Crimes and Punishments (1764) Speak out in favor of fair and just punishments (No brutality) Speak out in favor of fair and just punishments (No brutality) People have the right to: People have the right to: Fair & speedy trial Fair & speedy trial Not be tortured Not be tortured No capital punishment. No capital punishment.

11. Mary Wollstonecraft English woman English woman A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Same rights as men Same rights as men Education Education

12. Enlightened Despots Kings or queens who rule with Enlightenment ideals Kings or queens who rule with Enlightenment ideals Frederick the Great Frederick the Great Maria Theresa Maria Theresa Joseph II of Austria Joseph II of Austria Catherine the Great Catherine the Great